Major vessels

Question 1

Enlargement of the aorta and aortic arch:

Answer 1

Aortic stenosis (poststenotic dilation)

Coarctation of aorta (rare congenital narrowing of aorta)

PDA

Aneurysm (spirocerca lupi infection, idopathic)

Congenital hypothyroidism

Persistent right aortic arch (vascular ring anomoly)

Question 2

Decrease size of aorta

Answer 2

Hypovolemia- shock, dehydration, anemia, hypOadrenocorticism (Cortisol affects almost every tissue in the body, its biological effects varying with the dose (4,6,7). Cortisol aids in maintaining blood pressure, water balance, and vascular volume, particularly in the canine species (4), and it increases vascular sensitivity to catecholamines (4). Cortisol helps to maintain vascular tone, vascular permeability, and endothelial integrity (1,4). In the fasting animal, glucocorticoids help to preserve normoglycemia by increasing lipolysis and gluconeogenesis while decreasing peripheral glucose utilization (4,6,7). Cortisol suppresses inflammatory responses and has catabolic effects on connective tissue, muscle, and bone (4). Finally, cortisol stimulates erythrocytosis and counteracts stress)

Proximal aortic stricture (decreaed size of descending aorta)

Sever heart dz resulting in low cardiac output

Question 3

Reasons for aortic calcification (rare)

Preoperative computed tomography images. A, Maximum intensity projection image on a coronal projection showing severe calcification of the entire aorta and the bilateral ilio-femoral artery. B, Eccentric encircled calcification of the ascending aorta. C, Heavy encircled calcification of the descending aorta.

Answer 3

Lymphoma

Renal fail

Primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism

Arteriosclerosis

Hypercorticosterism (Cushing’s syndrome)

Parasties (Spirocerca lupi

Hypervitaminosis D

Inflammation

Idiopathic

Question 4

Large Caudal Vena Cava reasons:

(this one is normal)

Answer 4

Right side congestive heart fail

Tricuspid valve insufficency

HW dz

pulmonary hypertension -thromboemolic dz, chronic pulmonary dz, idopathic

pericardial dz- pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade

Neoplasia of right ventrical, right atrium or caudal vena cava

Thromboembolism

Stenosis of caudal vena cava

Question 5

Reasons for small caudal vena cava:

Answer 5

Hypovolemia- shock, dehydration, anemia, hypOadrenocorticism (Addison’s dz- b/c not responding to need for more volume)

Tension pneumothorax

Positive pressure ventilation (during anesthesia)

Question 6

Reasons for enlarged main pulmonary artery:

Answer 6

HW - dirofilariais, angiostrongylus

Plumonic stenosis

LARGE L-> R intracardiac shunt- PDA, ASD, VSD

Pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary thromboembolism)

Idiopathic (right ventrical will not be enlarged)