GK Questions Flashcards
- Normal mineralization of costal cartilages in the dog can occur as early as:
A few months of age
- Three “bumps” or bulges along the left side of the cardiac silhouette on a VD radiograph is most consistent with which disease?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus- accompanied by a harsh holosystoloic murmur
- Pleural effusion is most often found with which disease?
Nocardiosis- is an infectious disease affecting either the lungs (pulmonary nocardiosis) or the whole body (systemic nocardiosis). It is due to infection by bacterium of the genus Nocardia, most commonly Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis.Normally found in soil, these organisms cause occasional sporadic disease in humans and animals throughout the world. Another well publicized find is that of Nocardia as an oral microflora. Nocardia spp. have been reported in the normal gingiva and periodontal pockets along with other species such as Actinomyces, Arthromyces and Streptomycesspp.
- Which dog breed most often develops bronchiectasis?
American Cocker Spaniel
- Massive hilar lymphadenopathy is most likely associated with which disease?
Histoplasmosis -also known as “Cave disease,” “Darling’s disease,”“Ohio valley disease,” “reticuloendotheliosis,”[1]”spelunker’s lung” and “caver’s disease”) is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs.Occasionally, other organs are affected; this is called disseminated histoplasmosis, and it can be fatal if left untreated.
- What findings in the lungs are expected with Paragonimus lung infection?
More than 30 species of trematodes (flukes) of the genus Paragonimus have been reported to infect animals and humans.
Page 348, A: Bronchial thickening; B: Soft tissue nodules; C: “Signet ring” lesions; D: Gas filled bullae.
In the lung, segmental arteries, bronchi, and veins run together in which order (mark all that apply)?
a. Artery/bronchus/vein; medial to lateral
b. Artery/bronchus/vein,; lateral to medial
c. Artery/bronchus/vein; dorsal to ventral
d. Artery/bronchus/vein; ventral to dorsal
Page 293, B: Artery/bronchus/vein,; lateral to medial; C: Artery/bronchus/vein; dorsal to ventral
What are the extrathroacic structures?
pg 12.
- Caudal cervical region and thoracic inlet
- Subcutaneous tissues
- Cranial abdomen
- Thoracic limbs
What makes up the thoracic wall?
pg. 12
Spine
sternum
ribs
Lung opacity in heavily muscled animals may appear ____.
pg. 12.
Increased
Evaluate thoracic wall for _____, _____, and _____.
pg. 12.
Symmetry- usually congenital, but rule out lysis caused by infection or tumor
Width- Expansile remodeling may occur with healing fib fracture, tumor, or infection. Rib margins may be indistinct due to mortion artifact or active remodeling.
Opacity- abnormal opacity may be due to fracture, osteolysis, and/or periosteal response.
_____ or ___ ____ coat may mimic intrathroacic lesions.
pg. 12.
Wet
Dirty Hair
Normal costochondral junctions can become quite large and may be mistaken for _______.
pg 12.
Pathology
What can you do to alter one’s viewing perspective of ribs?
- Oblique/tangential radiographs can be used to image lseions in profile
- Orient rads upside down or sideways to drow attention to ribs
- invert black and white scale on digital images to highlight ribs.
- Serial rads to document periosteal response that was not previously evident.
When viewing the sternum, what 4 things do you look for and why?
pg. 13.
1. Shape- abnormal shape may be congenital (pectus excavatum) or acquired (fracute or luxation)
2. Alignment- may be altered by trauma, mass effect, or overstretching the animal during positioning for radiography.
3/4. Opacity- altered opacity and margination typically is caused by tumor or infection
