pulmonary

Question 1

2 cell types of the alveoli

Answer 1

1. flat, type I pneumocytes (95%)

2. cuboidal, type II pneumocytes (produce surfactant)

Question 2

coughing up blood

Answer 2

hemoptysis

Question 3

difficulty breathing; perception of needing to breathe deeper and faster (aka shortness of breath)

Answer 3

dyspnea

Question 4

collapse or loss of lung volume; inadequate expansion of air spaces

Answer 4

atelectasis

Question 5

air in the pleural space; leads to collapse of the lung

Answer 5

pneumothorax

Question 6

fluid in the pleural space

Answer 6

pleural effusion

Question 7

low protein fluid, caused by increased venous pressure (CHF)

Answer 7

transudate

Question 8

high protein fluid, with or without inflammatory cells, caused by increased vascular permeability (damage)

Answer 8

exudate

Question 9

suppuration (purulence) in pleural cavity, often related to bacterial infection

Answer 9

empyema

Question 10

causes of pulmonary edema

Answer 10

1. increased intravascular pressure (CHF)
2. hypoproteinemia (low protein)
3. vascular damage (infections, autoimmune diseases)

Question 11

problems with pulmonary edema

Answer 11

• inhibits normal oxygen exchange

- predisposes to infection

Question 12

pulmonary thromboemboli are usually from _____ or _____

Answer 12

deep veins of the legs; pelvic veins

Question 13

larger emboli cause ____ or _____

Answer 13

hemorrhage ; infarction

Question 14

very large emboli lodge at the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries, called a _____, and can cause sudden death

Answer 14

saddle embolus

Question 15

predisposing factors to pulmonary thromboemboli

Answer 15

• chronic illness
• prolonged bed rest (immobility)
• hypercoagulable state
• deep vein thrombophlebitis

Question 16

group of diseases that cause chronic airflow obstruction

Answer 16

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 17

4 classic disorders of COPD

Answer 17

1. emphysema
2. chronic bronchitis
3. bronchiectasis
4. asthma

Question 18

emphysema involves permanent enlargement of the distal _____ due to destruction of _____

Answer 18

small air spaces; alveolar septal walls

Question 19

pathogenesis of emphysema involves imbalance between ____ and _____ enzymes; ____ is a major cause of this imbalance

Answer 19

protease; anti-protease; smoking

Question 20

chronic infection with permanent major airway dilation; secondary to obstruction, infection or both

Answer 20

bronchiectasis

Question 21

2 types of bacterial pneumonia

Answer 21

bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia

Question 22

lobar pneumonia is caused by _____ in 90% of cases and is seen in _____

Answer 22

streptococcus pneumonia; healthy adults

Question 23

stages of inflammation/ progression of pneumonia

Answer 23

1. congestion
2. early stage- red hepatization
3. later stage- gray hepatization
4. resolution

Question 24

red hepatization is characterized by _____ with many RBCs

Answer 24

purulent exudate

Question 25

gray hepatization characterized by exudate with ____ and _____

Answer 25

fibrin ; macrophages

Question 26

complications of pneumonia

Answer 26

abscess, fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, bacteremia, emphysema

Question 27

viral or interstitial pneumonia caused by viruses and _____

Answer 27

mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 28

rapidly developing serious condition with same histologic features as interstitial pneumonia

Answer 28

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Question 29

ARDS causes injury to the _____ and _____ and causes increased _____

Answer 29

endothelium; alveolar epithelium; endothelial permeability (leaky)

Question 30

2 important predisposing factors to pulmonary abscess

Answer 30

aspiration and dental sepsis

Question 31

most common infectious cause of death in the world (about 3 million deaths/year)

Answer 31

tuberculosis (TB)

Question 32

predisposing factors to bacterial pneumonia

Answer 32

``` loss of cough reflex injury to cilia decreased phagocytosis pulmonary edema immunocompromised condition ```

Question 33

patchy process, begins around the small bronchi; common in the very young and old

Answer 33

bronchopneumonia

Question 34

classic tissue reaction of tuberculosis

Answer 34

caseating granulomatous inflammation (granuloma)

Question 35

TB is acquired by _____

Answer 35

inhalation

Question 36

site of early infection of TB is called _____

Answer 36

Ghon lesion

Question 37

Ghon complex of TB is _____ + _____

Answer 37

parenchymal lesion; hilar lymph nodes

Question 38

TB that has widely disseminated by spread via lymphatics or blood

Answer 38

miliary TB

Question 39

miliary TB causes ____ appearance of the tissue

Answer 39

Millet seeds

Question 40

form of lung cancer associated with exposure to asbestos; is a type of pleural malignancy

Answer 40

mesothelioma

Question 41

2 most common types of lung cancer

Answer 41

squamous cell carcinoma (25-30%) | adenocarcinoma (30-35%)

Question 42

group of lung disorders caused by inhalation of dusts/particles

Answer 42

pneumoconioses

Question 43

inhaled particles induce _____

Answer 43

fibrosis (scarring)

Question 44

worldwide, the most prevalent form of occupational disease

Answer 44

silicosis

Question 45

2 types of emphysema

Answer 45

centriacinar and panacinar

Question 46

centriacinar emphysema involves the central portion of the lobule, may progress to ____; usually affects ____; typically associated with _____

Answer 46

bullae (air spaces); upper lobes; smoking

Question 47

panacinar emphysema involves _____ and usually involves _____; associated with _____

Answer 47

involves entire respiratory lobule lower lobes alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency