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pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

2 cell types of the alveoli

A
  1. flat, type I pneumocytes (95%)

2. cuboidal, type II pneumocytes (produce surfactant)

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2
Q

coughing up blood

A

hemoptysis

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3
Q

difficulty breathing; perception of needing to breathe deeper and faster (aka shortness of breath)

A

dyspnea

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4
Q

collapse or loss of lung volume; inadequate expansion of air spaces

A

atelectasis

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5
Q

air in the pleural space; leads to collapse of the lung

A

pneumothorax

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6
Q

fluid in the pleural space

A

pleural effusion

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7
Q

low protein fluid, caused by increased venous pressure (CHF)

A

transudate

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8
Q

high protein fluid, with or without inflammatory cells, caused by increased vascular permeability (damage)

A

exudate

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9
Q

suppuration (purulence) in pleural cavity, often related to bacterial infection

A

empyema

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10
Q

causes of pulmonary edema

A
  1. increased intravascular pressure (CHF)
  2. hypoproteinemia (low protein)
  3. vascular damage (infections, autoimmune diseases)
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11
Q

problems with pulmonary edema

A
  • inhibits normal oxygen exchange

- predisposes to infection

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12
Q

pulmonary thromboemboli are usually from _____ or _____

A

deep veins of the legs; pelvic veins

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13
Q

larger emboli cause ____ or _____

A

hemorrhage ; infarction

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14
Q

very large emboli lodge at the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries, called a _____, and can cause sudden death

A

saddle embolus

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15
Q

predisposing factors to pulmonary thromboemboli

A
  • chronic illness
  • prolonged bed rest (immobility)
  • hypercoagulable state
  • deep vein thrombophlebitis
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16
Q

group of diseases that cause chronic airflow obstruction

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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17
Q

4 classic disorders of COPD

A
  1. emphysema
  2. chronic bronchitis
  3. bronchiectasis
  4. asthma
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18
Q

emphysema involves permanent enlargement of the distal _____ due to destruction of _____

A

small air spaces; alveolar septal walls

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19
Q

pathogenesis of emphysema involves imbalance between ____ and _____ enzymes; ____ is a major cause of this imbalance

A

protease; anti-protease; smoking

20
Q

chronic infection with permanent major airway dilation; secondary to obstruction, infection or both

A

bronchiectasis

21
Q

2 types of bacterial pneumonia

A

bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia

22
Q

lobar pneumonia is caused by _____ in 90% of cases and is seen in _____

A

streptococcus pneumonia; healthy adults

23
Q

stages of inflammation/ progression of pneumonia

A
  1. congestion
  2. early stage- red hepatization
  3. later stage- gray hepatization
  4. resolution
24
Q

red hepatization is characterized by _____ with many RBCs

A

purulent exudate

25
Q

gray hepatization characterized by exudate with ____ and _____

A

fibrin ; macrophages

26
Q

complications of pneumonia

A

abscess, fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, bacteremia, emphysema

27
Q

viral or interstitial pneumonia caused by viruses and _____

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

28
Q

rapidly developing serious condition with same histologic features as interstitial pneumonia

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

29
Q

ARDS causes injury to the _____ and _____ and causes increased _____

A

endothelium; alveolar epithelium; endothelial permeability (leaky)

30
Q

2 important predisposing factors to pulmonary abscess

A

aspiration and dental sepsis

31
Q

most common infectious cause of death in the world (about 3 million deaths/year)

A

tuberculosis (TB)

32
Q

predisposing factors to bacterial pneumonia

A 
loss of cough reflex
injury to cilia
decreased phagocytosis
pulmonary edema
immunocompromised condition
33
Q

patchy process, begins around the small bronchi; common in the very young and old

A

bronchopneumonia

34
Q

classic tissue reaction of tuberculosis

A

caseating granulomatous inflammation (granuloma)

35
Q

TB is acquired by _____

A

inhalation

36
Q

site of early infection of TB is called _____

A

Ghon lesion

37
Q

Ghon complex of TB is _____ + _____

A

parenchymal lesion; hilar lymph nodes

38
Q

TB that has widely disseminated by spread via lymphatics or blood

A

miliary TB

39
Q

miliary TB causes ____ appearance of the tissue

A

Millet seeds

40
Q

form of lung cancer associated with exposure to asbestos; is a type of pleural malignancy

A

mesothelioma

41
Q

2 most common types of lung cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma (25-30%)

adenocarcinoma (30-35%)

42
Q

group of lung disorders caused by inhalation of dusts/particles

A

pneumoconioses

43
Q

inhaled particles induce _____

A

fibrosis (scarring)

44
Q

worldwide, the most prevalent form of occupational disease

A

silicosis

45
Q

2 types of emphysema

A

centriacinar and panacinar

46
Q

centriacinar emphysema involves the central portion of the lobule, may progress to ____; usually affects ____; typically associated with _____

A

bullae (air spaces); upper lobes; smoking

47
Q

panacinar emphysema involves _____ and usually involves _____; associated with _____

A

involves entire respiratory lobule
lower lobes
alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

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