pulmonary Flashcards
2 cell types of the alveoli
- flat, type I pneumocytes (95%)
2. cuboidal, type II pneumocytes (produce surfactant)
coughing up blood
hemoptysis
difficulty breathing; perception of needing to breathe deeper and faster (aka shortness of breath)
dyspnea
collapse or loss of lung volume; inadequate expansion of air spaces
atelectasis
air in the pleural space; leads to collapse of the lung
pneumothorax
fluid in the pleural space
pleural effusion
low protein fluid, caused by increased venous pressure (CHF)
transudate
high protein fluid, with or without inflammatory cells, caused by increased vascular permeability (damage)
exudate
suppuration (purulence) in pleural cavity, often related to bacterial infection
empyema
causes of pulmonary edema
- increased intravascular pressure (CHF)
- hypoproteinemia (low protein)
- vascular damage (infections, autoimmune diseases)
problems with pulmonary edema
- inhibits normal oxygen exchange
- predisposes to infection
pulmonary thromboemboli are usually from _____ or _____
deep veins of the legs; pelvic veins
larger emboli cause ____ or _____
hemorrhage ; infarction
very large emboli lodge at the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries, called a _____, and can cause sudden death
saddle embolus
predisposing factors to pulmonary thromboemboli
- chronic illness
- prolonged bed rest (immobility)
- hypercoagulable state
- deep vein thrombophlebitis
group of diseases that cause chronic airflow obstruction
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
4 classic disorders of COPD
- emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
- bronchiectasis
- asthma
emphysema involves permanent enlargement of the distal _____ due to destruction of _____
small air spaces; alveolar septal walls
pathogenesis of emphysema involves imbalance between ____ and _____ enzymes; ____ is a major cause of this imbalance
protease; anti-protease; smoking
chronic infection with permanent major airway dilation; secondary to obstruction, infection or both
bronchiectasis
2 types of bacterial pneumonia
bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia
lobar pneumonia is caused by _____ in 90% of cases and is seen in _____
streptococcus pneumonia; healthy adults
stages of inflammation/ progression of pneumonia
- congestion
- early stage- red hepatization
- later stage- gray hepatization
- resolution
red hepatization is characterized by _____ with many RBCs
purulent exudate
gray hepatization characterized by exudate with ____ and _____
fibrin ; macrophages
complications of pneumonia
abscess, fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, bacteremia, emphysema
viral or interstitial pneumonia caused by viruses and _____
mycoplasma pneumoniae
rapidly developing serious condition with same histologic features as interstitial pneumonia
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
ARDS causes injury to the _____ and _____ and causes increased _____
endothelium; alveolar epithelium; endothelial permeability (leaky)
2 important predisposing factors to pulmonary abscess
aspiration and dental sepsis
most common infectious cause of death in the world (about 3 million deaths/year)
tuberculosis (TB)
predisposing factors to bacterial pneumonia
loss of cough reflex injury to cilia decreased phagocytosis pulmonary edema immunocompromised condition
patchy process, begins around the small bronchi; common in the very young and old
bronchopneumonia
classic tissue reaction of tuberculosis
caseating granulomatous inflammation (granuloma)
TB is acquired by _____
inhalation
site of early infection of TB is called _____
Ghon lesion
Ghon complex of TB is _____ + _____
parenchymal lesion; hilar lymph nodes
TB that has widely disseminated by spread via lymphatics or blood
miliary TB
miliary TB causes ____ appearance of the tissue
Millet seeds
form of lung cancer associated with exposure to asbestos; is a type of pleural malignancy
mesothelioma
2 most common types of lung cancer
squamous cell carcinoma (25-30%)
adenocarcinoma (30-35%)
group of lung disorders caused by inhalation of dusts/particles
pneumoconioses
inhaled particles induce _____
fibrosis (scarring)
worldwide, the most prevalent form of occupational disease
silicosis
2 types of emphysema
centriacinar and panacinar
centriacinar emphysema involves the central portion of the lobule, may progress to ____; usually affects ____; typically associated with _____
bullae (air spaces); upper lobes; smoking
panacinar emphysema involves _____ and usually involves _____; associated with _____
involves entire respiratory lobule
lower lobes
alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
