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pharm exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

classes of diuretics

A 
CA inhibitors
osmotic diuretics
loop diuretics
thiazide diuretics
K sparing diuretics
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2
Q

diuretics for patients with normal kidney function

A

thiazides

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3
Q

diuretics for impaired kidney function

A

loop

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4
Q

loop and thiazide diuretics can cause:

A

hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis

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5
Q

2 types of K sparing diuretics

A

ENaC inhibitors and aldosterone receptor antagonists

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6
Q

common loop diuretic/common ending

A

furoseMIDE

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7
Q

Drugs used to treat HTN

A

diuretics, sympathoplegic agents, direct vasodilators, AT II blockers

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8
Q

types of sympathoplegic agents used to treat HTN

A 
CNS inhibitors (a2 agonists)
epi release inhibitors
selective adreno-receptor blockers (b1 blockers and a1 blockers)
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9
Q

common beta blocker

A

metoprOLOL

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10
Q

common a1 blockers

A

praZOSIN

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11
Q

Types of vasodilators used for hypertension tx

A

NO stimulators
K channel activators (hyperpolarizing)
Ca channel blockers
dopamine agonists

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12
Q

types of AT II blockers

A

ACE inhibitors
AT1 receptor blockers
renin inhibitors
aldosterone antagonists

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13
Q

ACE inhibitor common ending

A

PRIL as in lisinopril

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14
Q

AT receptor blocker common ending

A

SARTAN as in losartan

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15
Q

positive inotropic drugs for CHF

A

cardiac glycosides (digoxin)
beta1 agonists
bipyridines (phosphodiesterase III inhibitors)

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16
Q

drugs without inotropic effects for CHF

A 
beta blockers
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
AT blockers
aldosterone blockers
vasodilators
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17
Q

mechanism of cardiac glycosides (digoxin)

A

inhibit Na/K ATPase which slows Na/Ca exchanger; increased intracellular Ca increases contractility

18
Q

mechanism of bipyridine (phosphodiesterase III inhibitor)

A

cardiac cAMP levels are elevated, increased contractility and pacemaker automaticity

19
Q

mainstay tx of CHF

A

diuretics

20
Q

drugs for tx of angina

A 
organic nitrites and nitrates
beta blockers
Ca channel blockers
ranolazine
aspirin, antiplatelets, and anticoagulents
21
Q

____ applied under the tongue for acute episodes of angina

A

nitroglycerin

22
Q

longer acting drug for angina and effective when taken orally due to stability against hepatic breakdown

A

isosorbide mononitrate

23
Q

all of the organic nitrates/nitrites used to treat angina are ____ that spontaneously produce ____; they act as _____

A

prodrugs; NO; vasodilators

24
Q

most common adverse effect of nitroglycerin is ____; contraindicated with ____

A

headache (potential hypotension, flushing, tachycardia); viagra

25
Q

effects of the drugs used for angina:

A 
vasodilators (NO)- increase vasodilation, increase oxygen supply from coronary arteries; decreased BP and decreased myocardial oxygen demand
cardiac depressants (beta blockers)- decrease contractility (vent. myocardium), decrease HR (SA node), and decrease oxygen demand
calcium channel blockers- have both vasodilation and cardiac depressant effects
26
Q

anti-arrhythmia drugs

A 
class I- Na channel blockers
class II- beta blockers
class III- K channel blockers 
class IV- Ca channel blockers
27
Q

dyslipidemia drugs

A
  1. fibric acid derivatives
  2. nicotinic acid (niacin)
  3. bile acid sequestrants
  4. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
  5. cholesterol absorption inhibitors
28
Q

fibric acid derivatives mechanism

A

agonists of PPARa; stimulate catabolism of FA in the liver by beta-oxidation

29
Q

net effect of fibric acids:

A

reduce TG levels

30
Q

nicotinic acid (niacin) mechanism

A

agonist of GPR 109A receptor; inhibits adipose tissue lipolysis and subsequent delivery of FAs to the liver to produce TGs

31
Q

niacin is an inhibitor of _____ which blocks TG production

A

diacylglycerol acetyltransferase

32
Q

major benefits of niacin:

A

increase HDL and decrease TGs

33
Q

major side effect of niacin

A

flushing

34
Q

major actions of bile acid sequestrants

A

lower LDL, raise HDL, may increase TG (contraindicated with high TG levels)

35
Q

mechanism of the statins

A

by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, they inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis

36
Q

effects of the statins

A

lower LDL, reduce stroke, coronary HD and overall mortality

37
Q

cholesterol absorption inhibitor mechanism (ezetimibe)

A

inhibits NPC1L1- transport protein that reabsorbs cholesterol;

38
Q

cholesterol absorption inhibitors effect

A

lower LDL with no effect on HDL or TG

39
Q

lipolysis

A

occurs in adipose tissue; hydrolysis of TGs into glycerol and free FAs

40
Q

beta-oxidation

A

occurs in the liver; Fatty acids into acetyl-CoA

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