CV Flashcards
types of arteriosclerosis
- atherosclerosis
- monckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis
- arteriolosclerosis
two principal mechanisms of vascular disease
- narrowing or obstruction of vascular lumina
- weakening of vascular walls, leading to dilation and/or rupture
non-modifiable/ constitutional risk factors of arteriosclerosis
age, gender, genetics
potentially modifiable risk factors of arteriosclerosis
- cigarette smoking
- diabetes mellitus
- hypertension
- hypercholesterolemia
additional risk factors of arteriosclerosis
- inflammation (CRP levels- inflammatory mediator)
- hyperhomocysteinemia
- lipoprotein (a) levels
- metabolic syndrome (obesity)
- type A personality (stress)
- lack of exercise
common sites of atheroma formation
- major arterial branch points
- abdominal aorta
- coronary arteries
- popliteal arteries
- carotid arteries
- cerebral arteries
complications of atherosclerosis
- IHD
- cerebral vascular accident/infarct (stroke)
- gangrene
- nephrosclerosis
- aneurysm formation
- renal artery stenosis
in hyaline arteriolosclerosis there is thickening of the ____; occurs in ____ and ____
basement membrane; hypertension; diabetes mellitus
in hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (proliferative), there is ____ intimal thickening ; occurs in _____
fibrocellular; malignant hypertension
3 steps in the atherosclerosis response to injury hypothesis
- endothelial injury
- accumulation of lipids
- monocyte adhesion
plaques contain:
collagen, lipid, myofibroblasts, macrophages, neovascularization
plaques have a ____ cap, composed of _____ and ____; it develops over a central core of _____ with _____
fibrous; myofibroblasts (smooth m. cells); collagen; lipid/cellular debris; cholesterol
progressive changes in plaques include:
ulceration, calcification fissure formation thrombosis, embolization hemorrhage into the plaque from neovascularization medial weakening
fatty streaks in infants/children are characterized by ____ cells in the ____
lipid-laden; intima
symptoms of hypertension
- none (early) at low and moderate hypertension
- headaches
- dizziness
- fatigue
- palpitations
contributing factors to essential hypertension
genetics, stress, obesity, increased salt intake, inactivity, cigarette smoking
Thickening of the left ventricular wall at the expense of the left ventricular chamber with little or no increase in the outside cardiac dimensions
concentric hypertrophy
pathologic complications of hypertension
- concentric L ventricular hypertrophy (compensated)
- L ventricular hypertrophy plus dilation and CHF (decompensated)
- atherosclerosis (which leads to IHD, stroke, and ischemic injury in other organs)
- arteriolosclerosis (which leads to retinal injury and kidney damage (nephrosclerosis-renal failure)
another complication from hypertension is _____- longitudinal tear in the media
dissecting aortic hematoma
pathogenesis of hypertension (environmental and hereditary factors)
- peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction)
2. reduced Na excretion > salt and water retention > increased plasma volume and cardiac output
6 principal mechanisms of heart disease
- failure of the pump
- flow obstruction
- shunted flow
- “leaky” flow (bad valves)
- conduction disorders
- rupture of the heart/major vessel
