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host defenses Flashcards

1
Q

mediators of innate immunity

A 
complement system
cytokines
prostaglandins
matrix metalloproteinases
proteinase inhibitors
antimicrobial peptides
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2
Q

cytokines involved in ____ of ____ and ____ responses

A

coordination; inflammatory; immune

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3
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1beta; TNF-alpha

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4
Q

cytokines with chemotactic activity

A

IL-8

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5
Q

prostaglandins (especially PGE2) induce ____ and _____

A

vasodilation; cytokine production

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6
Q

PGE2 induces production of _____ by fibroblasts and osteoclasts, which damage periodontal tissues

A

matrix metalloproteinases

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7
Q

matrix metalloproteinases degrade _____

A

extracellular matrix

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8
Q

_____ (a MMP) degrades the major ____ in gingiva

A

PMN collagenase; structural protein

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9
Q

proteinase inhibitors _____ inflammation and inhibit ____ of _____

A

antagonize; degradation; matrix proteins

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10
Q

broad spectrum proteinase inhibitor

A

alpha-2 macroglobulin

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11
Q

broad spectrum proteinase inhibitor and potent inhibitor of PMN collagenase

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin

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12
Q

inhibit bacteria and fungi; produced by salivary gland epithelium

A

defensins

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13
Q

inhibits bacteria and fungi by chelating zinc; produced by epithelium, PMNs, monocytes and macrophages

A

calprotectin

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14
Q

cellular elements of innate immunity

A

neutrophils (PMNs)
macrophages
mast cells

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15
Q

neutrophils are deployed from ____; macrophages are found in ___ and ____; mast cells found throughout the body, esp in ____ subjacent to mucosal surfaces

A

blood; organs; tissues; connective tissue

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16
Q

major microbial virulence factors

A
  • ability to invade periodontal epithelium
  • direct cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolic waste products
  • damaging bacterial enzymes
  • immunostimulatory molecules
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17
Q

examples of bacteria able to invade pd epithelium

A

A.a. and P.g.

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18
Q

examples of bacterial metabolic waste products

A

ammonia, indole compounds, fatty acids (propionic and butyric acids), hydrogen sulfide

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19
Q

examples of damaging bacteria enzymes

A
  • leukotoxin (from A.a., kills leukocytes)

- gingipains (Arg-specific proteases from P.g.)

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20
Q

examples of immunostimulatory molecules

A
  • LPS (endotoxin) from gram-negative bacteria
  • lipoteichoic acids from gram positive bacteria
  • gingipains (Arg-specific proteases)
  • formylpeptides (stimulate leukocyte chemotaxis)
  • other surface antigens
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21
Q

mechanisms of periodontal defense

A
  • prevention of bacterial entry (passive protection by periodontal epithelium)
  • innate immune response (nonspecific, first line of active defense)
  • acquired (adaptive) immune responses (specific, second line of active defense
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22
Q

prevention of bacterial entry by ____ of epithelial cells into the oral cavity; intact _____, and ____ into the gingival crevice

A

shedding (inhibits bacterial colonization of mucosa)
epithelial barrier
positive fluid flow

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23
Q

gingival crevicular fluid originates as _____

A

gingival tissue interstitial fluid

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24
Q

in the innate immune response, ____ is activated, oral mucosa produces _____, oral epithelium produces _____

A

complement system; anti-microbial peptides (defensins); pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-8)

25
Q

4 functions of the complement system

A
  • induces bacterial lysis
  • promotes phagocyte recruitment (chemotaxis)
  • promotes phagocytosis by opsonization of bacteria
  • helps activate mast cells, which increases vascular permeability
26
Q

____ and ____ are universal signs of infection that help recruit inflammatory cells; ____ attracts neutrophils in the early stages of infection

A

IL-1beta; TNF-alpha; IL-8

27
Q

antimicrobial effects of ____, ___, and ____ in the innate immune response along with phagocytic function of ____ and _____

A

antibodies, lactoferrin, lysozyme

neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages

28
Q

____, _____, and _____ are hallmarks of adaptive immunity

A

Ag recognition; immune memory; clonal expansion

29
Q

TLRs signal for cells to produce:

A

cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, NO, and eicosanoids

30
Q

biological activities of LPS (endotoxin)

A
  • complement activation
  • PMN activation
  • macrophage activation
  • B-cell mitogen activity
  • stimulation of bone resorption
  • stimulation of PG synthesis
  • induction of TNF-alpha
31
Q

two complement proteins that can induce PMN chemotaxis and mast cell degranulation

A

C3a and C5a

32
Q

complement protein that facilitates phagocytosis by opsonizing bacteria

A

C3b

33
Q

in chronic periodontitis, number of ____ > _____ > _____

A

plasma cells > B lymphocytes > T lymphocytes

adaptive immune cells more prominent than innate immune cells

34
Q

T cell receptor has two ____ (alpha and beta) with ____ segments

A

glycoprotein chains; variable

35
Q

____ determine the type of immune response

A

variable segments

36
Q

2 types of T helper cells differ in _____

A

cytokine profiles

37
Q

cytokines are ______ that transmit signals to other cells

A

messenger proteins

38
Q

Th1 cells produce:

A

IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha

39
Q

Th2 cells produce:

A

IL-4, 5, 6, 10, 13

40
Q

_____ are activated by cytokines and respond to intracellular pathogens

A

cytotoxic T cells

41
Q

Ags from intracellular pathogens bind ____ molecules; Tc cells recognize this antigen presentation and destroy infected cells

A

MHC I

42
Q

not many Tc cells found in periodontitis , suggesting that ____ and ____ are not major players

A

viruses; invasive bacteria

43
Q

humoral immunity ( _____ mediated) triggered in response to _____

A

antibody; soluble antigens

44
Q

antigen-antibody complex activates ____ and facilitates _____

A

complement; opsonization

45
Q

Th2 cytokines activate ____ to ____

A

B cells; plasma cells

46
Q

2 types of B cells

A

conventional and auto-reactive

47
Q

antibody mediated protection involves antibody plus ____ and antibody plus ____

A

complement; cells

48
Q

3 functions of antibody alone

A
  1. blocks entry of toxins, viruses (IgM, IgG, IgA)
  2. immobilizes bacteria (IgM > IgG)
  3. agglutinates bacteria (IgM > IgG)
49
Q

antibody plus complement ____ bacteria

A

lyses (IgM, IgG)

50
Q

antibody plus cells ____ bacteria, fungi for ____

A

opsonizes; phagocytosis (IgG)

51
Q

antibody plus cells activates _____

A

extracellular killing (IgG)

52
Q

IgG2 < IgG1 in _____, but IgG2 predominates in _____

A

chronic periodontitis; aggressive periodontitis

53
Q

IgG2 recognizes _____ antigens, while other subclasses mainly recognize _____ antigen

A

carbohydrate (LPS); protein

54
Q

homing of _____ takes place within the periodontal lesion

A

relevant immune cells

55
Q

____ cells outnumber ____ cells in chronic periodontal lesions

A

Th2; Th1

56
Q

____ cells are among the most predominant and active secretory cells in advanced periodontal lesions

A

plasma

57
Q

the ratio of IgG subclasses are similar in ____ and ____

A

serum; GCF

58
Q

an individual’s ability to mount a specific ____ to bacteria in the _____ may indicate a patient’s susceptibility to the disease and ability to respond to treatment

A

antibody response; subgingival biofilm

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