GI pathology Flashcards
autoimmune disease more common in females (4th-5th decades); characterized by dry mouth, dry eyes, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca; intense lymphocytic infiltrate in salivary glands; increased risk for lymphoma (40x)
sjogren syndrome
most common neoplasm; 60% occur in the parotid gland; lobulated and firm on palpation; variably encapsulated; epithelial and myoepithelial components; 10% recurrences; may undergo malignant transformation
pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor); benign tumor of the parotid gland
primarily affects the parotid gland with male predilection; cystic neoplasm with papillary infoldings and lymphoid tissue; 10% bilateral
warthin tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum); benign tumor of the parotid gland
most common salivary gland malignancy; parotid and minor glands; may note bluish color due to mucin and cystic growth pattern
mucoepidermoid carcinoma (squamous and mucous cells)
other salivary gland malignancies include other ____, which include ____ and _____
other carcinomas, which include adenoid cystic and acinic cell
type of esophageal obstruction resulting from post-inflammatory fibrosis/stenosis
mechanical obstruction
type of esophageal obstruction resulting from discoordinated muscular contractions or spasms; diverticula, achalasia, and/or difficulty in swallowing may result
functional obstruction
arise due to portal hypertension; seen in 90% of cirrhotic patients; often asymptomatic, but rupture can result in massive hemorrhage/death
esophageal varices
intrinsic cause of esophagitis
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder)
intestinal metaplasia within the esophagus squamous mucosa; complication of GERD with increased risk of adenocarcinoma
Barrett esophagus
malignant esophageal lesion associated with long-standing GERD or Barrett change; increased in caucasians and males over females (7:1); occurs primarily in the distal third of the esophagus
esophageal adenocarcinoma
most common esophageal malignancy worldwide; associated with smoking and alcohol use; occurs primarily in the middle third of the esophagus; very poor prognosis (9% 5 year survival)
squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
abrupt, transient, reactive lesions of the stomach; pathology is punctate hemorrhage, erosion, edema, acute inflammation
acute gastritis
primarily caused by infection with helicobacter pylori in patients with H. pylori (spiral or curved bacilli); 90% of cases; often acquired infection in childhood
chronic gastritis
treatment of H. pylori in chronic gastritis is by:
antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors
due to H. pylori and NSAID use; characterized by gastric hyperacidicity, recurrent ulcers with intermittent healing
peptic ulcer disease
increased in familial adenosis polyposis (FAP) patients and most frequently arise in a background of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia
gastric adenomas
90-95% of gastric cancers; marked decrease in the US due to reduced use of smoked and salt-cured meat (nitrites); linitis plastica “leather bottle appearance” markedly thickened stomach wall
gastric adenocarcinoma
small intestine malabsorptive diarrhea
celiac disease (gluten allergen) tropical sprue (aerobic bacteria) lactase (disaccharidase) deficiency abetalipoproteinemia (transepithelial transport defect, mono and triglycerides)
due to vibrio cholerae; also called travelers diarrhea
infectious enterocolitis
arises from inappropriate mucosal immune activation; includes ulcerative colitis and crohn disease
inflammatory bowel disease
severe ulcerating inflammatory disease that is limited to the colon and rectum; extends only to the mucosa and submucosa
ulcerative colitis
regional enteritis; may involve any area of the GI tract and is frequently transmural
crohn disease
clinical aspects of malabsorption
- anemia
- osteopenia, tetany
- amorrhea, impotence, and infertility
- deficiencies in vitamin A and B12
