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Step One > Public Health Sciences > Flashcards

Public Health Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

cross sectional study

A

frequency of disease and risk-related factors

measures prevalence

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2
Q

case control study

A

odds ratio

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3
Q

cohort sutdy

A

given exposure
results in relative risk
can be prospective or retrospective

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4
Q

twin concordance study

A

frequency with which both monozygotic and dizygotic twins

measures heritable and influence of environmental factors

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5
Q

phase I clinical trial

A

is it safe

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6
Q

phase II

A

does it work-efficacy, dosing, and adverse effects

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7
Q

phase III

A

compares new to current standard of care

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8
Q

phase IV

A

adverse effects

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9
Q

PPV and NPV

A

depend on disease prevalence

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10
Q

sensitivity

A

true positive
rules out disease
good for screening

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11
Q

specificity

A

low false positive rate
used for confirmation
rules in

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12
Q

high pretest probability

A

high PPV

low NPV

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13
Q

lowering cutoff

A

increase FP and decreases FN

N (sensitivity and NPV increase)

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14
Q

raising cutoff

A

increase FN and decreases FP

P (specificity and PPV increase)

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15
Q

likelihood ratio

A

can be multiplied with pretest odds of test to estimate posttest odds +>10 and <0.1

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16
Q

number needed to treat

A

1/ARR

low number means better treatment

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17
Q

number needed to harm

A

1/AR (diff subtraction than ARR)

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18
Q

incidence

A

new cases

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19
Q

prevalence and disease duration

A

incidence(duration)=prevalence

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20
Q

precision

A

reliability
absence of random variation
increases statistical power (1-beta)

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21
Q

accuracy

A

validity
trueness of test measurement
systemic error decreases accuracy in a test

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22
Q

selection bias

A

nonrandom sampling

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23
Q

berkson

A

from hospital-less healthy

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24
Q

non-response bias

A

participating subjects differ from nonrespondents

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25
Q

hawthorne effect

A

participants change their behavior in response to awareness of being observed

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26
Q

pygmalion effect

A

researcher belief in efficacy changing outcome

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27
Q

reduction of confounding bias

A 
multiple studies
crossover studies
matching
restriction
randomization
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28
Q

reduction of lead-time bias

A

measure back-end survival

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29
Q

standard error

A

decreases and number increases

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30
Q

positive skew

A

mean>median>mode

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31
Q

type 1 error

A

stating there is an effect when none exists

alpha

32
Q

type 2

A

not effect when one exists

beta

33
Q

increase power

A

increase sample size
increase effect size
increase precision of measurement

34
Q

Z for 95%

A

1.96

35
Q

Z for 99% CI

A

2.58

36
Q

CI includes 0 for mean and ratios

A

no difference

37
Q

CI do not overlap

A

significant difference exists

38
Q

chi squared

A

differences between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes

39
Q

beneficence conflict

A

with autonomy vs what is best with society

40
Q

requirements of informed consent

A

disclosure of pertinent information
understanding
capacity to make decision
voluntariness

41
Q

exceptions to informed consent

A

lack decision making capacity
implied in emergency
therapeutic privlege
waiver

42
Q

components of decision making capacity

A 
>18
communicated
informed
stable
consistent with values of patient
43
Q

medical power of attorney

A

more flexible than living will

44
Q

exceptions to confidentiality

A 
suicidal/homicidal patients
abuse
protect victim
epileptic
reportable diseases
45
Q

social smile

A

2 montsh

46
Q

stranger anxiety

A

6 months

47
Q

separation anxiety

A

9 months

48
Q

object permanency

A

9 months

49
Q

parallel play

A

24-36 months

50
Q

gender identity

A

36 months

51
Q

cooperative play

A

4 years

52
Q

rear facing car seats

A

until 2

53
Q

harness

A

until 4

54
Q

booster

A

until 8

55
Q

sleep changes in elderly

A

decrease REM and slow-wave sleep
increase onset latency
increase early awakenings

56
Q

tertiary

A

reduce complications from disease

57
Q

HMO

A

limited panel of providers

58
Q

POS

A

still requires referral

59
Q

PPO

A

no referral

60
Q

medicare

A

> 65

<65 with disabilities and those with end-stage renal disease

61
Q

part a

A

insurance, home hospice

62
Q

part b

A

basic medical bills

63
Q

part d

A

prescription drugs

64
Q

hospice

A

<6 months to live

65
Q

principle of double effect

A

prioritization of positive effects over negative effects

66
Q

mood disorders

A

common in medicaid and uninsured

67
Q

standardization of procedures

A

improves reliability

68
Q

simplification

A

reduces waste

69
Q

PDSA cycle

A

plan, do, study, act

70
Q

plot quality measurements

A

run and control charts

71
Q

swiss cheese model

A

focuses on systems

differing layers

72
Q

active error

A

frontline operator, immediate impact

73
Q

latent error

A

processes indirect from operator
different types of pumps
accident waiting to happen

74
Q

root cause analysis

A

records to identify underlying problems

retrospective

75
Q

plot root cause analysis

A

fishbone (cause and effect) diagram

76
Q

failure mode and effects analysis

A

identify ways process might fail

forward-looking approach

Step One (19 decks)

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