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Step One > Cardio Random > Flashcards

Cardio Random Flashcards

1
Q

truncus arteriosus

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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2
Q

bulbus cordis

A

smooth part of ventricles

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3
Q

primitive atrium

A

trabeculated portion

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4
Q

primitive ventricle

A

trabeculated portion

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5
Q

left horn sinus venosus

A

coronary sinus

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6
Q

right horn sinus venosus

A

smooth part of right atrium

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7
Q

cardiac looping

A

begins at week 4

defective in Karagener syndrome

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8
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse

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9
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

most common congenital cardiac anomaly

most common membranous septum

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10
Q

outflow tract formation

A

neural crest and endocardial migrate

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11
Q

failure of neural crest cells to migrate

A

transposition of great vessels
tetralogy of fallot
persistent truncus arteriosus

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12
Q

ductus venosus

A

into IVC bypassing hepatic circulation

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13
Q

deoxygenated blood in fetal circulation

A

through ductus arteriosus

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14
Q

oxygenated blood in fetal circulation

A

through foramen ovale

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15
Q

allantois

A

urachus becomes median umbilical ligament

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16
Q

umbilical arteries

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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17
Q

umbilical vein

A

ligamentum teres hepatis

contained in falciform ligament

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18
Q

SA and AV blood supply

A

RCA

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19
Q

LCX supply

A

lateral and posterior walls of left ventricle

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20
Q

LAD supply

A

anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum

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21
Q

PDA supply

A

AV node
left dominant from LCX
right dominant from RCA

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22
Q

enlargement RA

A

dysphagia and hoarseness

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23
Q

pericardial cavity

A

between parietal and visceral layers

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24
Q

innervation pericardium

A

phrenic

referred pain to shoulder

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25
Q

pulse pressure relationships

A

direct to SV

inverse to arterial compliance

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26
Q

decrease pulse pressure

A

aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, HF

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27
Q

increase SV

A

contractility and preloard increased

decreased afterload

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28
Q

contractility decreases

A 
beta blocker
HF systolic dysfunction
acidosis
hypoxia
non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers
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29
Q

increase myocardial oxygen demand

A

contractility
afterload
HR
diameter of ventricle

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30
Q

decrease preload

A

venous vasodilators

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31
Q

decrease afterload

A

arterial vasodilators

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32
Q

compensation increase afterload

A

hypertrophy of LV

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33
Q

most TPR

A

arterioles

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34
Q

inotropy

A

contractility
increased catecholamines, digoxin
decreased HF, NO
only alters CO

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35
Q

venous return

A

changes volume
fluid infusion, sympathetic increase
hemorrhage and spinal anesthesia decrease

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36
Q

TPR

A 
vasopressors increase (and decrease both lines)
exercise and AV shunt decreases (increases both lines)
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37
Q

S3

A

early diastole

increased filling pressures and dilated ventricles

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38
Q

S4

A 
late diastole (atrial kick)
lateral decubitus, ventricular noncompliance
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39
Q

a wave

A

atrail contraction

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40
Q

c wave

A

RV contraction

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41
Q

x descent

A

relaxation

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42
Q

v wave

A

filling against closed valve

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43
Q

y descent

A

RA emptying into RV

prominent in pericarditis, absent in tamponade

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44
Q

pathologic splitting

A

inspiration increase VR

delayed closure of pulmonic valve

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45
Q

wide splitting

A

delayed RV emptying

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46
Q

fixed splitting

A

in ASD

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47
Q

paradoxical splitting

A

delay in aortic closure (aortic steonisis, LBBB)

P2 before A2

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48
Q

increase HCOM murmur

A

valsalva, standing up

MVP and HCOM differ from the others

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49
Q

pulsus parvus et tardus

A

aortic stenosis

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50
Q

midsystolic click

A

due to sudden tensing of chordae tendinae

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51
Q

causes aortic regurg

A

aortic root dilation, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis, rheumatic fever

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52
Q

decreased rate of diastolic depolarization

A

Ach and adenosine

impacts funny current

53
Q

pacemaker rates

A

SA>AV

54
Q

speed of conduction

A

purkinje>atrai>ventricles>AV

55
Q

treatment long QT

A

magnesium sulfate

56
Q

Romano-Ward syndrome

A

AD long QT

pure cardiac

57
Q

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen

A

AR

sensorineural deafness

58
Q

Brugada

A

AD

pseudo-RBB block and ST elevations V1-V3

59
Q

risk of WPW

A

reentry circuit

supraventricular tachycardia

60
Q

Mobitz I

A

progressive lengthening

61
Q

Third degree block

A

associated with Lyme disease

beat independently

62
Q

aldosterone escape mechanism

A

ANP

63
Q

BNP

A

longer half life

from incrased tension

64
Q

carotid massage

A

increase pressure and stretch

increase firing to decrease HR

65
Q

carotid transmission

A

via glossopharygneal

66
Q

aortic transmission

A

via vagus

67
Q

Cushing reflex

A

hypertension, bradycardia and respiratory depression

cerebral ischemia increase pCO2, hypertension, baroreceptors induced bradycardia

68
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

pH and PCO2

69
Q

pulmonary wedge in mitral stenosis

A

PCWP>LV end diastolic pressure

70
Q

heart autoregulation

A

adenosine, NO, CO2, decrease O2

71
Q

skeletal regualtion

A

lactate, adenosine, K, H, CO2

72
Q

boot shaped heart

A

tetralogy of Fallot

73
Q

tet spells

A

increase SVR to improve cyanosis

74
Q

Ebstein anomaly

A

displacement of tricuspid leaflets downard into RV

tricuspid regurg and right HF

75
Q

early cyanosis

A

R to left shunts

76
Q

ASD vs PFO

A

missing tissue in ASD

77
Q

Eisenmenger syndrome

A

uncorrected L to R
pulmonary arterial hypertension, RVH
causes late cyanosis, clubbing, polycythemia

78
Q

complications coarctation of aorta

A

HF, increased cerebral hemorrhage, aortic rupture, possible endocarditis

79
Q

diabetic mother

A

transposition of great vessels

80
Q

Williams syndrome

A

supravalvular aortic stenosis

81
Q

xanthomas

A

lipid-laden histiocytes

82
Q

Mockenberg sclerosis

A

calcification of internal elastic lamina and media of arteries
intima not involved-no obstruction to blood flow

83
Q

cystic medial degeneration

A

leads to thoracic aortic aneurysm

HTN, bicuspid aortic valve, Marfan

84
Q

obliterative endartertitis of vasa vasorum

A

tertiary syphilis

85
Q

most common site traumatic aortic rupture

A

aortic isthmus-proximal descending aorta distal to left subcalvian artery

86
Q

stanford A aortic dissection

A

ascending aorta

results in aortic regurg or cardiac tamponade

87
Q

stanford B

A

below ligamentum arteriosum

88
Q

coronary steal syndrome

A

vasodilators dilates normal vessels and shunts toward well-perfused areas
diverts away from stenosed and ischemic

89
Q

diagnosis reinfarction

A

CK-MB

returns to normal after 48 hrs

90
Q

lateral leads

A

LCX

I and aVL

91
Q

inferior leads

A

RCA

II, III, aVF

92
Q

papillary muscle rupture

A

from posterior descending

mitral regurg

93
Q

Dressler

A

autoimmune resulting in fibrinous pericarditis

94
Q

findings dilated cardiomyopathy

A

HF, S3, systolic regurg

95
Q

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

A

ventricular apial ballooning

96
Q

associated with HCOM

A

Fridreich ataxia

97
Q

findings hypertrophic

A

S4, mitral regurg

98
Q

causes restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

postradiation, Loffler, endocardial fibroelastosis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis

99
Q

sepsis shock

A

increase CO, decrease SVR

warm skin

100
Q

culture negative endocarditis

A

HACEK

101
Q

tricuspid endocarditis

A

staph, pseudomonas, candida

102
Q

Aschoff bodies

A

granulomas with giant cells

103
Q

Anitschkow cells

A

enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy rod-like nucleus

104
Q

Beck triad

A

hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds

105
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

decrease in amplitude >10mm during inspiration

seen in cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, croup

106
Q

electrical alternans

A

cardiac tamponade

107
Q

histology myxoma

A

gelatinous material, myxoma cells immersed in glycosaminoglycans

108
Q

association rhabdomyomas

A

tuberous sclerosis

109
Q

Kussmaul sign

A

increase JVP on inspiration

seen in constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathies, RA or RV tumors

110
Q

association giant cell arteritis

A

polymyalgia rheumatica

111
Q

histology PAN

A

transmural inflammation of arterial wall with fibrinoid necrosis
different stages of inflammation

112
Q

histology Buerger disease

A

segmental thrombosing vasculitis

113
Q

histology granulomatosis

A

focal necrotizing vasculitis
necrotizing granulomas
necrotizing glomerulonephritis
nodular densities on CXR

114
Q

histology Churg-Strauss

A

granulomatous, necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilia

115
Q

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

A

blanching skin lesions, epistaxis, AV malformations

116
Q

use nimodipine

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

117
Q

hydralazines

A

increase cGMP

lupus like syndrome

118
Q

caution pindolol and acebutolol

A

use caution in angina

partial beta-agonists

119
Q

ranolazine

A

inhibits late sodium, reducing oxygen consumption

leads to QT prolongation

120
Q

milrinone

A

PDE-3 inhibitor inotropic and chronotropic

121
Q

decrease triglycerides

A

fibrates

122
Q

decrease LDL

A

statins

123
Q

statin myopathy

A

particularly when with fibrates or niacin

124
Q

prevent intestinal reabsoprtion

A

bile acid resins

125
Q

cholesterol gallstones

A

fibrates

126
Q

adenosine

A

increase K out of cell

blunted by theophylline and caffeine

127
Q

ivabradine

A

inhibition of funny sodium channels

reduces cardiac O2 requirement

128
Q

adverse ivabradine

A

visual brightness, hypertension, bradycardia

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