MSK Random Flashcards
ACL
starts laterally
abnormal passive abduction
lateral force (valgus)-medial widening MCL injury
abnormal passive adduction
medial force (varus)-lateral widening LCL injury
popping external rotation
medial meniscus
popping internal rotation
lateral meniscus
Greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture partway through width of bone
bending stress-bone bent like twig
Torus fracture
axial force to immature bone
simple buckle fracture
unhappy triad
ACL, MCL, medial meniscus
from lateral force to planted leg
lateral meniscus injury more common
prepatellar
front of kneecap
Baker cyst
popliteal fluid collection in gastrocnemius-semimembranous bursa
communicates with synovial space (from chronic joint disease)
empty can test
supraspinatus
suprascapular nerve innervation
starts abduction
supraspinatus
laterally rotates arm
infraspiantus
adducts and laterally rotates
teres minor
innervated by axillary nerves
medially rotates and adducts
subscapularis
arm abduction
supraspinatus
deltoid
trapezius >90
serratus anterior >100
repetitive flexion
medial epicondylitis
repetitive extension
lateral epicondylitis
most commonly fractured carpal bone
scaphoid
cause of avascular necrosis and nonunion scaphoid
retrograde blood supply
dislocation of lunate
acute carpal tunnel syndrome
entrapment of median nerve
carpal tunnel
sensation spared in carpal tunnel
palmar cutaneous branch external to carpal tunnel
associations carpal tunnel
pregnancy, RA, hypothyroidism, diabets, acromegaly, dialysis related amyloidosis
Tinel sign
percussion of wrist causes tingling
flexion of wrist causes tingling
Phalen maneuver
Guyon canal syndrome
compression of ulnar nerve
seen in cyclists
fractured surgical neck and anterior dislocation of humerus
axillary-flattened deltoid
loss of shoulder abduction
upper trunk compression
musculocutaneous
loss of forearm flexion and supination
midshaft fracture or compression of axilla
radial
wrist drop, decreased grip strength
loss of sensation over posterior (including thumb)
supracondylar fracture of humerus, carpal tunnel and wrist laceration
median
loss of wrist flexion of lateral fingers
fracture medial epicondyle of humerus, fracture hook of hamate
ulnar
radial deviation of wrist upon flexion
loss of wrist flexion medial fingers
superficial laceration of palm
recurrent branch of median nerve
loss of thenar group muscle but no loss of sensation
Erb palsy
upper
deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, biceps brachii
abduction, lateral roation, flexion and supination
Klumpke palsy
lower
intrinsic muscles of hand
leads to total claw hand
Thoracic outlet syndrome
compression of lower tunk and subclavian vessels due to cervical rib and Pancoast tumor
also causes Klumpke palsy
Winged scapula
long thoracic nerve lesion
defect to serratus anterior
cannot abduct above horizontal
inability to anchor scapular to thoracic cage
distal ulnar and median lesion
clawing
proximal lesions
deficits during voluntary flexion of digits
atrophy thenar
median nerve
atrophy hypothenar
ulnar nerve
thenar muscles
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
hypothenar muscles
opponens digiti minimi
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
injury abdominal surgery
iliohypogastric
motor to transversus abdominis and internal oblique, sensory to suprapubic region
T12/L1
injury laproscopic surgery
cremaster motor and sensory to scrotum and medial thigh
absent cremasteric reflex L1/L2
anterior and lateral thigh sensation
lateral femoral cutaneous
L2/L3
pelvic surgery
obturator
sensory medial thigh
motor to obturator externus, adductor longus and brevis, gracilis, pectineus, adductor magnus
L2/L4
pelvic fracture
femoral
motor to quad, iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius
sensory-anterior and medial thigh
L2/L4
herniated disc
sciatic
motor to semitendinous, semimembranous, biceps femoris, adductor magnus
sensory-posterior thigh
L4/S3
fibular neck fracture
common peroneal motor to biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, extensor of foot sensory dorsum everts and dorsiflexes foot drop L4/S2
knee trauma, baker cyst and tarsal tunnel syndrome
tibial motor to triceps surae, plantaris popliteus, flexor muscles of foot sensory sole of foot inverts and plantar flexes L4/S3
injection to upper medial region
superior gluteal
motor to gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia latae
L4/S1
Trendelenburg
lesion is contralateral to side of hip that drops
posterior hip dislocation
motor to gluteus maximus
inferior gluteal L5/S2
stretch injury during childbirth
external urethral and anal sphincters
pudental S2/S4
nerve block
ischial spine as landmark
internal rotators of hip
gluteus medius, minimus, tensor fascia latae
external rotators of hip
iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator
cause of herniation
posterolateral due to thin posterior longitudinal ligament
L3-L4 herniation
decrease patellar reflex
L4-L5 herniation
difficulty in heel walking
L5-S1 herniation
decrease achilles reflex
with long thoracic
lateral thoracic
with axillary
posterior circumflex
with radial
deep brachial
with median
brachial
with tibial at popliteal
popliteal
with tibial at medial malleolus
posterior tibial
T tubules
extension of plasma membrane with terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
dyad
cardiac
1 T tubule and 1 terminal cisterna
triad
skeletal
1 T tubule and 2 terminal cisternae
binds to troponin C
Ca
causes conformational change that moves tropomyosin
shortening in contraction
H and I bands
between Z lines
A remains same length
type 1 muscle
slow twitch; red fibers
increase mitochondria and myoglobin
type 2 muscle
fast twitch; white fibers
anaerobic glycolysis
smooth muscle
calmodulin to MLCK contraction
NO cGMP to MLCP relaxation
endochondral ossification
axial skeleton cartilage first (woven then lamellar) defective in achondroplasia
membranous ossification
calvarium, facial bones, clavicle
without cartilage first
origin osteoblast
mesenchymal stem cells in periosteum
markers osteoblastic activity
ALP, osteocalcin, type I procollagen
chronically increase PTH
osteitis fibrosa cystica
cause closure of epiphyseal plate
estrogen
failure of endochondral ossification
achondroplasia
AD
genetics achondroplasia
FGFR3 (gain of function)
osteoporosis
trabecular and cortical bone loss and interconnections
drugs osteoporosis
steroids, alcohol, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, thyroid replacement therapy
medical conditions osteoporosis
hyperparathyroidism
hyperthyroidism
MM
malabsorption syndromes
T score osteoporosis
screening recommendation osteoporosis
> 65 years old
osteopetrosis
due to defective osteoclasts
mutation osteopetrosis
CA II
impair ability of osteoclast to generate acidic environment
treatment osteopetrosis
bone marrow transplant
osteoclasts derived from monocytes
x ray osteopenia
looser zones
rickeys x ray
epiphyseal widening
metaphyseal cupping/fraying
labs osteomalacia
decrease Ca increase PTH decrease PO4
increase ALP
Paget
osteoclastic
followed by osteoblastic
labs paget
only increase ALP