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Endocrine Random Flashcards

1
Q

endoderm derivatives neck

A

thyroid and parafollicular cells

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2
Q

embryo adrenal cortex

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

medulla adrenal embryo

A

neural crest

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4
Q

common alpha subunit

A

TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

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5
Q

basophils

A

FLAT

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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6
Q

transport posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin transported by neurophysin

derived from neuroectoderm

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7
Q

synthesis insulin

A

RER, stored in secretoy granules

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8
Q

insulin dependent transporters

A

GLUT 4

adipose, striated muscle

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9
Q

sympathetics regulation insulin

A

alpha 2 decrease release

beta 2 increase release

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10
Q

tesamorelin

A

GH analog used to treat HIV lipodystrophy

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11
Q

prolactin inhibition in males and females

A

inhibits GnRH synthesis and release

inhibits ovulation and spermatogenesis

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12
Q

increased GH

A

exercise, deep sleep, puberty, hypoglycemia

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13
Q

leptin

A

produced by adipose tissue

sleep deprivation decreases leptin (leptin regulates satiety)

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14
Q

endocabinoid receptors

A

in hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens

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15
Q

ADH on osmolarity

A

decrease serum and increase urine

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16
Q

differentiation in 21 and 11 beta hydroxylase

A

salt wasting and increased renin in 21

decreased renin in 11 and increased BP

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17
Q

exogenous corticosteroids micro

A

reactivated TB and candidiasis

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18
Q

affect of pH on calcium

A

increase pH leads to hypocalcemia due to change in albumin affinity

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19
Q

PTH on osteo

A

increase RANKL secreted by osteoblasts, binds RANK on osteoclasts

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20
Q

magnesium on PTH

A

mild decrease Mg increases PTH

severely decreased decreased Mg

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21
Q

systemic T3

A

increase beta1 receptors

increase BMR through Na/K ATPase activity

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22
Q

thyroid binding globulin

A

increased in OCP

decreased in hepatic failure and steroids

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23
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff

A

excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase

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24
Q

cAMP signaling

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH

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25
Q

cGMP signaling

A

BNP, ANP, EDRF, NO

BAD GraMP

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26
Q

IP3 signaling

A

GnRH, oxytocin, TRH, Histamine, Angio II, Gastrin

GOAT HAG

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27
Q

intracellular receptor

A

Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, T3/4, vitamin D
PET CAT on TV

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28
Q

receptor tyrosine kinase

A

insulin, FGF, PDGF, EGF

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29
Q

nonreceptor tyrosine kinase

A

prolactin, immunomodulators, GH, G-CSF, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin
jak/stat PIGGLET

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30
Q

sex hormone binding globulin

A

decreased in women leads to hirsutism
increased in men leads to gynecomastia
increased by OCP and pregnancy

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31
Q

testing Cushing sydrome

A

decreased ACTH-tumor or exognous

high dose dexamethasone (no suppression in ectopic) but suppressed in Cushing disease (pituitary adenoma)

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32
Q

lab primary adrenal insufficiency

A

low cortisol, high ACTH

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33
Q

lab secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

low cortisol, low ACTH

34
Q

metyrapone test

A

decrease 11-deoxy and increase ACTH in primary
decrease both in secondary
normal is decrease cortisol and increase ACTH

35
Q

most common cause Addison in developing world

36
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

no hyperkalmeia due to preserved RAAS

no skin pigmentation

37
Q

neuroendocrine tumors contents

A

amine precursor uptake decarboxylase APUD

38
Q

neuroblastoma

A

neural crest cell origin
can cross midline
overexpression n-myc

39
Q

histology neuroblastoma

A

Homer Wright rosettes (and in medulloblastoma)

40
Q

germline mutations associated with pheo

A

NF-1, VHL, RET (MEN 2A/B)

41
Q

cancer risk Hashimoto

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B cell origin)

42
Q

histology Hashimoto

A

Hurthle cells, lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers

43
Q

hypersensitivity Graves

44
Q

source of pretibial myxedema

A

increased fibroblasts

45
Q

HLA Graves

46
Q

Jod Basedow

A

thyrotoxicosis in patient with iodine deficiency and partially autonomous
opposite of Wolff-Chaikoff

47
Q

histology papillary carcinoma

A

empty nuceli, psammoma bodies, nuclear grooves

RET and BRAF mutations, history of radiation

48
Q

genetics follicular carcinoma

49
Q

histology medullary carcinoma

A

calcitonin, sheets of cells in amyloid stroma

stains Congo red

50
Q

pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

Albright hereditary
shortened 4/5 digit and short stature
defect in Gs causing end organ resistance to PTH
from mother due to imprinting (1A), normal PTH if inherited from father

51
Q

osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

cystic bone with brown fibrous tissue consisting of osteoclasts and hemosiderin from hemorrhages due to increase PTH

52
Q

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

A

defective G coupled Ca sensing receptors, higher than normal Ca levels required to turn off PTH

53
Q

Nelson syndrome

A

enlargement of ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma after bilateral adrenalectomy
presents with hyperpigmentation, HA, bitemporal hemianopia

54
Q

acromegaly cancer

A

increased colorectal polyps and cancer

HF most common cause of death though

55
Q

Laron syndrome

A

defective growth hormone receptors

saddle nose, prominent forehead, delayed skeletal maturation, small genitalia

56
Q

water deprivation test

A

central-increase after given ADH

little change in nephrogenic

57
Q

treatment nephrogenic DI

A

HCTZ, amiloride, indomethacin

58
Q

most common cause of death in DM

59
Q

osmotic damage DM

A

sorbitol acculumation in organs with aldose reductase or absent sorbitol dehydrogenase
neuropathy and cataracts

60
Q

histology T2DM

A

islet amyloid polypeptide deposits

61
Q

symptoms DKA

A

Delirium
Kussmaul respirations
dehydration

62
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

A

seen in elderly
hyperglycemia and increase serum osmolality without acidosis
give insulin

63
Q

symptoms glucagonoma

A

dermatitis
diabetes
DVT
declining weight and depression

64
Q

association insulinoma

65
Q

presentation somatostatinoma

A

diabetes, steatorrhea, gallstones, achlorhydria

66
Q

right sided valvular heart disease

A

tricuspid regurg, pulmonic stenosis

67
Q

labs carcinoid tumor

A

niacin def

5-HIAA

68
Q

secretin test

A

gastrin levels remain high in ZE after secretin administration

69
Q

association ZE

70
Q

inheritance MEN

71
Q

MEN1

A

pituitary
pancreatic endocrine
parathyroid
Ch 11 tumor suppressor

72
Q

MEN2A

A

parathyroid
medullary
pheo

73
Q

MEN2B

A

medullary
pheo
neuromas (mucosal)
marfinoid habitus

74
Q

lactic acidosis metformin

A

from renal insufficiency

75
Q

disulfuram diabetes

A

first gen sulfonylureas

76
Q

diabetes pancreatitis

A

GLP-1 analogs

exenatide

77
Q

diabetes urinary and respiratory infections

A

DPP-4 inhibitors

gliptins

78
Q

ions SGLT2 inhibitors

A

flozin

hyperkalemia

79
Q

thioamides in pregnancy

A

PTU in first trimester

methimazole in second and third trimesters

80
Q

cause aplasia cutis

A

methimazole

81
Q

fludricortisone

A

aldo with little gluco effects

used in primary adrenal insufficiency

82
Q

cinacalet

A

sensitizes Ca sensing receptor

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