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Path/Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

histology apoptosis

A

eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nucleus

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2
Q

DNA laddering

A

fragments in multiples of 180

indicator of apoptosis

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3
Q

BAX and BAK

A

pro apoptotic

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4
Q

extrinsic death receptor pathway

A

ligand (FasL/Fas) or TNF-alpha

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5
Q

defective Fas-FasL

A

autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

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6
Q

histology coagulative necrosis

A

cell outlines with no nuclei

increase eosin

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7
Q

cause of fibrinoid necrosis

A

type III HSR

seen in vasculitis, pre-eclampsia, malignant HTN

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8
Q

histology fibrinoid necrosis

A

vessel walls and thick and pink

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9
Q

cause of cellular swelling

A

decrase ATP leads to decrease activity Na/K and Ca pumps

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10
Q

reperfusion

A

red infarct

damage from free radicals

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11
Q

associated conditions dystrophic calcification

A

TB, shistosomiasis, congenital CMV, toxo, rubella, CREST, psammoma bodies

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12
Q

margination and rolling

A

e-selectin from TNF and IL-1
p-selectin
CD34

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13
Q

tight binding

A

ICAM-1 and VCAM-1

decreased in decreased CD18

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14
Q

PDGF

A

secreted by activated platelets and macrophages

stimulates fibroblasts

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15
Q

FGF

A

angiogenesis

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16
Q

EGF

A

growth via tyrosine kinases

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17
Q

TGF-beta

A

angiogenesis and fibrosis

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18
Q

formation granuloma

A

Th1 secrete IFN gamma

macrophages secrete TNF alpha

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19
Q

hypercalcemia from granuloma

A

due to calcitriol

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20
Q

exudates

A

cloudy due to lymph obstruction, inflammation, malignancy

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21
Q

ESR

A

inflammation products coat RBCs and cause aggregation

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22
Q

secondary amyloidosis

A

in inflammatory conditions

fibrils of amyloid a

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23
Q

dialysis amyloidosis

A

beta 2

may present as carpal tunnel syndrome

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24
Q

familial amyloid polyneuropathies

A

due to transthyretin gene mutaiton

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25
Q

islet amyloid polypeptide

A

in T2DM

caused by deposition of amylin in pancreatic islets

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26
Q

cause of lipofuscin

A

oxidation and polymerization of autophagocytosed organellar membranes

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27
Q

hamartoma

A

disorganized growth in native location

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28
Q

choristoma

A

normal tissue in foreign location (Meckel)

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29
Q

acanthosis nigrans association

A

gastric adenocarcinoma and other visceral malignancies

insulin resistance and obesity

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30
Q

seborrheic keratoses

A

GI adenocarcinoma and other visceral malignancies

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31
Q

PTHrP paraneoplastic

A

squamous cell of head, neck, lung

renal, bladder, breast, and ovarian

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32
Q

incrase calcitriol paraneoplastic

A

lymphoma

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33
Q

increase EPO paraneoplastic

A

renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheo, leiomyoma

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34
Q

thymoma paraneoplastic

A

hypogammaglobulinemia (Good syndrome), pure red aplasia, migratory thrombophlebitis

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35
Q

anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

A

ovarian teratoma

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36
Q

dancing eyes, dancing feet

A

neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer

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37
Q

anti-Hu

A

small cell

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38
Q

breast

A

anti-Yo

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39
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

anti-Tr

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40
Q

ALK

A

lung adenocarcinoma

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41
Q

BRAF

A

melanoma, non-Hodgkin, papillary thyroid

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42
Q

KRAS

A

GTPase

colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

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43
Q

mycl1

A

lung tumor

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44
Q

mycn

A

transcription factor

neuroblastoma

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45
Q

CDKN2A

A

blocks G1-S

melanoma and pancreatic cancer

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46
Q

DCC

A

colon cancer

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47
Q

DPC

A

pancreatic cancer

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48
Q

neurofibromin

A

NF1 (Ras GTPase activating)

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49
Q

PTEN

A

phosphatase of PIP3

breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer

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50
Q

Li Fraumeni cancer

A

sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland

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51
Q

TSC1

A

hamartin

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52
Q

TSC2

A

tuberin

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53
Q

VHL

A

inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a

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54
Q

WT1

A

regulates urogenital development (nephroblastoma)

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55
Q

HTLV1

A

adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

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56
Q

psammoma bodies

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
meningioma
malignant mesothelioma

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57
Q

alpha fetoprotein

A

hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac, mixed germ cell

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58
Q

p glycoprotein

A

multidrug resistance protein, seen in adrenocortical carcinoma

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59
Q

mediators of cachexia

A

TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-6

60
Q

carcinomas spread hematogenously

A

follicular thyroid
chorio
renal cell
hepatocellular

61
Q

brain mets

A

lung>breast>melanoma, colon, kidney

at grey-white junction

62
Q

liver

A

colon»stomach> pancreas

63
Q

mixed bone met

64
Q

Km

A

inversely related to affinity

65
Q

increase y intercept on Lineweaver

A

decrease Vmax

66
Q

changes with competitive inhibitors

A

increase Km

decrease potency

67
Q

irreversible competitive and noncompetitive

A

decrease Vmax

decrease efficacy

68
Q

clearance

A

volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time

rate/concentration=Vd(Ke)

69
Q

half lives to reach steady state

A

4-5 half-lives

70
Q

loading dose in renal and liver disease

A

decrease maintenance dose but loading dose is unchanged

71
Q

permissive

A

presence of substance A required for full effects of substance B
cortisol and catecholamine

72
Q

zero order elimination

A

constant amount of drug

phenytoin, ethanol, aspirin

73
Q

first order elimination

A

directly proportional to drug concentration (fraction)

applies to most drugs

74
Q

weak acids

A

phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin
trapped in basic
treat with bicarb to alkalinize urine

75
Q

weak bases

A

amphetamines, TCAs
trapped in acidic
treat with ammonium to acidify urine

76
Q

phase I

A

reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis

geriatric lose phase I

77
Q

phase II

A

conjugation through methylation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation making polar metabolites (slow acetylators have increased side effects)
increased in geriatric

78
Q

left shifting potency

A

increased potency

decrease drug needed

79
Q

therapeutic index

A

TD/ED
higher TI are safer
low TI-warfarin, theophylline, digoxin

80
Q

nicotinic Ach receptors

A

ligand-gated Na/K channels

found in autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla

81
Q

muscarinic Ach receptors

A

G protein coupled receptors

82
Q

beta 3

A

increase lipolysis, thermogenesis, bladder relaxation

Gs

83
Q

dopamine receptors

A

si
D1 renal relaxation, direct in striatum
D2 inhibits direct in striatum

84
Q

histamine receptors

85
Q

vasopressin

A

qs

V2 at tubules

86
Q

NET

A

two ways

into vesicles and then out of vesicles once they have met NE into synaptic cleft

87
Q

neostigmine

A

no CNS penetation

88
Q

pyridostigmine

A

gets rid of myasthenia gravis

does not penetrate CNS

89
Q

organophosphates (parathion)

A

irreversibly inhibit AchE

antidote-atropine and pralidoxime

90
Q

glycopyrrolate

A

for preop secretion
drooling, peptic ulcer
muscarinic antagonists

91
Q

hyoscyamine

A

antispasmodics for IBS

92
Q

dobutamine

A

inotropic>chronotropic

93
Q

dopamine

A

low dose beta, high dose alpha

94
Q

midodrine

A

alpha1

causes hypotension

95
Q

mirabegron

A

beta3

treat overactive bladder

96
Q

ephedrine

A

releases stored catecholamines

indirect general agonist

97
Q

reflex tachy

A

norepi

also increase PP and MAP

98
Q

MAP decrease

A

isoproterenol

99
Q

rebound hypertension with abrupt cessation

A

clonidine, guanfacine

100
Q

alpha methyldopa adverse

A

direct coombs + hemolysis

SLE-like syndrome

101
Q

phentolamine

A

reversible

102
Q

mirtazapine

A

depression

increases serum cholesterol and appetite

103
Q

net depressor effect

A

epinephrine and phentolamine

104
Q

beta blockers in angina

A

decrease rate and contractility

105
Q

beta blockers for variceal bleeding

A

nadolol, propranolol

106
Q

dyslipidemia beta blocker

A

metoprolol

107
Q

nebivolol

A

b1 with stimulation of b3 (activate nitric oxide synthase in the vasculature and decrease SVR)

108
Q

teterotoxin

A

binds fast Na preventing depolarization

109
Q

ciguatoxin

A

opens Na causing depolarization

leads to reversal hot/cold sensations, heart block, hypotension

110
Q

scombroid poisoning

A

bacterial histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to histamine
mimics anaphylaxis

111
Q

treatment arsenic

A

dimercaprol, succimer

112
Q

beta blockers treatment

A

atropine, glucagon

113
Q

cyanide treatment

A

nitrite+thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin

114
Q

lead treatment

A

EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine

115
Q

methanol, ethylene glycol

A

fomepizole>ethanol, dialysis

116
Q

causes coronary vasospasm

A

amphetamines, cocaine, ergot alkaloids, sumatriptan

117
Q

cutaneous flushing causes

A

vancomycin, adenosine, niacin, nitrates, Ca channel blockers, echinocandins

118
Q

causes hot flashes

A

tamoxifen, clomiphene

119
Q

causes hyperglycemia

A

tacrolimus, protease inhibitors, niacins, HCTZ, corticosteroids

120
Q

cause acute cholestatic hepatitis

A

erythromycin

121
Q

focal to massive hepatic necrosis

A

halothane, amanita (death cap mushroom), valproic acid, acetaminophen

122
Q

drugs cause hepatitis

A

rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, statins, fibrates

123
Q

drugs cause pancreatitis

A

didanosine, corticosteroids, alcohol, valproic acid, azathioprine, diuretics

124
Q

pill induced esophagitis

A

bisphosphonates, ferrous sulfate, NSAIDs, potassium chloride, tetracyclines

125
Q

pseudomembranous colitis

A

ampicillin, cephalosporins, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones

126
Q

CYP inducers

A

alcohol
St. John
phenytoin, phenobarbital, nevirapine, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine

127
Q

sulfa drugs

A

sulfonamide, sulfasalazine, probenecid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazides, sulfonylureas

128
Q

agranulocytosis

A

clozapine, carbamazepine, propylthiouracil, methimazole, colchicine, ganciclovir

129
Q

aplastic anemia

A

carbamazepine, methimazole, NSAIDs, benzene, chloramphenicol, propylthiouracil

130
Q

DRESS

A

allopurinol, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, sulfa drugs

131
Q

hemolysis in G6PD

A

isoniazid, sulfonamides, dapsone, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin

132
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

hydroxyurea, phenytoin, methotrexate, sulfa drugs

133
Q

gingival hyperplasia

A

phenytoin, Ca channel blockers, cyclosporine

134
Q

hyperuricemia

A

pyrazinamide, thiazides, furosemide, niacin, cyclosporine

135
Q

myopathy

A

statins, fibrates, niacin, colchicine, daptomycin, hydroxychloroquine, IFN-alpha, penicillamine, glucocorticoids

136
Q

osteoporosis

A

corticosteroids, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, GnRH agonists, aromatase inhibitors, anticonvulsants, heparin

137
Q

photosensitivtiy

A

sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracyclines, 5FU

138
Q

rash-SJS

A

anti-epileptic, allopurinol, sulfa drugs, penicillin

139
Q

SLE

A

sulfa drugs, hydralazine, isoniazid, procainamide, phenytoin, etanercept

140
Q

parkinson like

A

antipsychotics, reserpine, metoclopramide

141
Q

seizures

A

isoniazid (B6), bupropion, imipenem, tramadol, enflurane

142
Q

fanconi syndrome

A

cisplatin, isofamide, expired tetracyclines, tenofovir

143
Q

hemorrhagic cystitis

A

cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide

144
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

penicillins, furosemide, NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors, sulfa drugs

145
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

methotrexate, nitrofurantoin, carmustine, bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone

146
Q

disulfuram like reaction

A

sulfonylureas, procarbazine, cephalosporins, griseofulvin, metronidazole

147
Q

nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity

A

aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop diuretics, cisplatin, ampho B

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