Learn from your mistakes Flashcards
mushroom toxin
binds DNAP II
inhibits mRNA formation
location spinal accessory
posterior traingle
connection osteocytes
gap junctions
cause of insulin resistance in pregnancy
human placental lactogen
cause thoracic outlet syndrome
scalene muscles
fracture orbital floor
damage to infraorbital
loss of sensation over lip
bladder in MS
hypertonic
causes of vitamin A deficiency
obstruction of biliary tract
malabsorption
cause of gout
PRPP synthase problem
neutrophils responsible for gout symptoms
increased AFP and AchE
detects NT defects
causes of red cell aplasia
parvo B19, thymomas, lymphocytic leukemias
pattern of unstable relationships, self-image
borderline personality disorder
origin elastase in lungs
macrophages
supplemental O2 to COPD patient
hypercapnia that leads to V/Q mismatch and dead space ventilation
location enzymes for glycolysis, FA synthesis, PPP
cytosol
porphyria cutanea tarda
photosensitivity due to accumulation of porphyrinogens
due to uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency
frothy diarrhea
lactose intolerance
external rotation
infraspinatus
supplied by suprascapular nerve
estrogen on T4
increased TBG causing decreased free T4/T3
location schwannoma
cerebellopontine angle
true diverticulum
Meckels diverticulum
depersoanlization disorder
persistent depersonalization and derealization
histology Zoster
intranuclear inclusions and multinucleated cells on Tzanck smear
dysdiadochoknesia
cannot perform rapidly alternating from cerebellar lesion
accumulation of globotriaosylceramide
Fabry due to alpha galactosidase deficiency
midline episiotomy
cuts perineal body
COPD and EPO
increased due to hypoxia
dopamine agonists
pramipexole and bromocriptine
necessary for FA synthesis
NADPH
comes from PPP
sphincter of Oddi spasm
morphine causes it
inhibit androgen receptor binding
flutamide, cyproterone and spironolactone
amino acids in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
ketogenic amino acids
lysine and leucine
smooth muscle proliferation in atherosclerosis
PDGF from endothelail cells, platelets, and macrophages
leukemoid reaction
basophilic oval inclusions in mature neutrophils
failure to obliterate omphalomesenteric duct
Meckel diverticulum
leukocyte adhesion deficiency
leukocytosis
failure to form pus from CD18 defect
results ureter obstruction
increase pressure in Bowman’s space
decreased GFR and FF
dermatomyositis as paraneoplastic syndrome
ovarian, lung, colorectal, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
cystinuria
defective cysteine, ornithine, lysine, arginine
increased kidney stones
causes of ESR
from macrophage released inflammatory markers
IL6, TNF alpha, IL1
locations osteomyelitis
kids-metaphasis
adults-epiphyseal
cholesteatomas
squamous cell debris
pearly mass behind tympanic membrane, leads to hearing loss
origin renal cell carcinoma
from proximal tubule
risk factors-obesity and smoking
tryptophan precursor
for serotonin
can get serotonin storm from MAOI or SSRI
bypass folate deficiency
give thymidine supplementation
cutaneous small vessel vasculitis from medication
leukocytoclastic vasculitis
restrictive cardiomyopathy causing diastolic dysfunction
amloid deposition
injury to prostatic plexus
erectile dysfucntion
shift to increase high oxygen affinity
erythrocytosis
S3
diastolic dysfunction
heart at apex in left lateral decubitus at end of expiration
congential hydrocephalus
leads to macrocephaly, poor feeding, spasticity and hyperreflexia (UMN from lengthening pyramidal neurons)
drug induced lupus metabolism
slow acetylators
predictor of RPGN severity
age
compensation fructose def
hexokinase activity
Tay Sachs
no hepatomegaly
buildup of GM2 ganglioside
Potter sequence
can occur from mother on ACEi
TNF alpha
activtes serine kinases
inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation
projecting
attributing one’s feelings to othrs
mesoderm
muscles, CT, cardio, blood, lymph, spleen, internal genitalia, kidneys, adrenal cortex
reticulocytes and B12
peak at 1 week
deficiency of dihydrobiopterin reductase
hyperphenylanemia and elevated prolactin
iliohypogastric nerve
from L1 lateral to upper psoas
injury during appendectomy causes decreased sensation at suprapubic region
pulmonary fibrosis
thickening and airway widening due to increased outward pulling by fibrotic tissue-supernormal expiratory flow rates
subthalamic nucleus
component of basal ganglia
role in modulation of basal ganglia output
leads to contralateral hemiballism
most common cause of coronary sinus dilation
elevated right sided heart pressure from pulmonary HTN
proprionic acidemia
deficiency of propionyl CoA carboxylase
low protein diet and minimal valine, isoleucine, methionine, and threonine
increase in pyruvate carboxylase
increased by acetyl CoA
complication aortic stenosis
A fib
reduced LV compliance, dependent on atrial contraction to maintain LV filling
rheumatoid arthritis
impacts cervical spine
Kisselbach plexus
nasal septum
cause of anterior nosebleeds
peak of aortic regurg
after aortic valve closure
cause of glial scar
from astrocytes
chronic hemolysis from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
iron deposition in kidney
histology intraductal papilloma
proliferation of papillary cells in duct or cyst wall with fibrovascular core
uridine supplementation
bypass enzyme defect in orotic aciduria
AR disorder of de novo pyrmidine synthesis
GI and neuro symptoms
reddish urine
acute intermittent porphyria
defect in porphobilinogen deaminase
failure in ristocetin test
vWF
selective arteriolar dilators
sodium and fluid retention
through stimulation of RAAS
systemic sclerosis
pulmonary hypertesnion develops
intimal thickening of pulmonary arterioles
wedge on CT from renal infarct
thromboembolism from a fib
raltegravir
integrase inhibitor
disrupts viral genome transcription
maintenance stage ATN
high volume, hypotonic urine
leads to hypokalemia
secreted product activated macrophages in atheroma
metalloproteases
microsomal mono-oxygenase
cancer by pro-carcinogens from p450 system
alleviated pain by leaning forward
acute pericarditis
leads to friction rub
Stewart Treves syndrome
cutaneous angiosarcoma
predisposing condition is radical mastectomy
results in chronic lymphedema in ipsilateral arm
niacin deficiency
low NAD and NADP
dehydrogenase and reductase complexes use it as cofactor
akathisia
restlessness with inability to sit still
resting membrane
mostly K and a bit of Na
control postpartum hemorrhage
compress internal iliac (gives rise to uterine arteries)
Chiari malformations
lead to herniation
chiari I presents in late adulthood
non-bacterial endocarditis
antiphospholipid syndrome, SLE, DIC
maturity onset diabetes
glucokinase mutations
choreiform movements
rheumatic disease
clubbing from hypoxia
lung disease, heart diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases
compensation in nephrotic syndrome
increase lipoprotein production
causes hyperlipidemia
sepsis and ARDS
leakage of protein and fluid into alveolar space
NNRTIs
does not require activation
most common-nevirapine and efavirenz
angiomyolipomas
associated with tuberous sclerosis
also brain hamartomas and ash leaf skin patches
bluish neoplasm under nail bed
glomus
modified smooth muscle in control of thermoregulation
cause of megaloblastosis
thymidine synthase deficiency
b12 and folate
treatment subarachnoid hemorrhages
calcium channel blockers
germline mosaicism
passed onto offspring while somatic is not
ecological studies
for populations
generate hypotheses but not conclusions
ST elevation I and aVL
lateral from left cricumflex
saddle anesthesia
block S2-S4 leading to loss of anal wink
cauda euina
profound hypotension from rupture of free wall
hemipericardium and cardiac tamponade
urticaria
edema in superficial dermis
imbalance in emphysema
proteinases from macrophages and nuetrophils
highest O2 content
coronary sinus
lactic acidosis in septic shock
decreased ox phos
intraerythrocytic rings
can be seen in babesia
ubiquitin proteasome
MHC I and CD8T cels
predominant cell in noncaseating granulomas
CD4
seen in sarcoidosis
nicoinic ligand gated
open after binding Ach
biphasic pattern and S100
schwannomas
neural crest origin
indication of severity mitral regurg
audible S3
neutrophil Abs
found in Wegeners
supracondylar fractures with anterolateral displacement
injury to radial
wrist drop
pulsus paradoxus
exaggerated drop in systolic BP
seen in cardiac tamponade, asthma, COPD, constrictive pericarditis
treatment trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
inhibits sodium channels to recover from inactivation
leads to bone marrow suppression
babies to HBV mothers
high viral loads and HBeAg levels
nitrates
impact large veins to decrease preload
time elapsed from initial exposure or pathogenic insult
incubation period or latent period (noncommunicable)
crossing over within homologous regions
recombination between HSV
SCID
recurrent viral, fungal, or opportunistic infections (pneumocystis not seen in agammaglobulinemia)
type IV HSR
macrophages, CD4, CD8
panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks (social anxiety has fear of scrutiny and embarrassment)
hepatic encephalopathy and GI bleeding
from increased gut absorption
lowest pulmonary vascular resistance
when close to FRC
breathing in CHF
Cheyne stokes
failure of obliteration of processus vaginalis hernia
indirect
locus ceruleus
pigmented in posterior rostral pons near lateral floor of 4th ventricle
makes NE
MOA shiga and shiga like toxins
inactivate 60s ribosome
quick administration to hypoglycemic patients
glucagon
carotid massage
slows conduction through AV node
prolongs refractory period to terminate re-entrant tachycardia
maximal intensity PDA
at S2
Broa location
caudal part of inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere
patient may present with right hemiparesis
gallstones in Crohn disease
terminal ileum leads to bile acid lost in feces
genetic chronic myeloproliferative disorders
JAK/STAT activation
family history of pulmonary arterial hypertension
inactivating BMPR2 mutation that leads to dysfunctional endothelial and smooth muscle proliferation
diabetic autonomic neuropathy on bladder
overflow incontinence due to impaired detrusor contractility or bladder outlet obstruction
renal ammoniagenesis
anaerobic oxidation leading to lactate accumulation
glutamine metabolized to generate ammonium and bicarbonate
ureter in true pelvis
anterior to internal iliac artery
crossover study
treatments are switched
includes a washout period
S3
during diastole due to rapid passive filling of ventricle
during decompensated heart failure
result V/Q mismatch in PE
alkalosis and hyperventilation due to hypoxia
Patau manifestations
midline defects due to defect in fusion of prechordal mesoderm
holoprosencephaly, cleft lip/palate, omphalocele, polydactylyl, cutis asplasia (skin defect on scalp)
aspergillus
colonizing balls that shift when the patient changes positions
primaquine
kills hypnozoites that cause relapse in P vivax and P ovale
green color of sputum
from neutrophil MPO
tachyphylaxis from alpha 1 agonists
decreased production of Ne due to negative feedback, exacerbation of nasal congestion systems
sarcoidosis
erythema nodosum, arthralgias, hilar lymphadenopathy, elevated ACE
noncaseating granulomas in liver
causes of Down syndrome
meiotic nondisjunction, unbalanced translocations, mosaicism
source of obstruction in HCOM
anterior mitral leaflet and interventricular septum
diff sabin and salk
more IgA from sabin-live attenuated
chancroid from h. ducreyi
gray to yellow exudate
painful
constriction of efferent arteriole
impede blood flow
decrease RPF but increase FF
calories
carbs and protein 4
fat 9
type III dysbetalipoproteinemia
without ApoE liver cannot remove chylomicrons
primase
DNA dependent RNAP
borderline personality disorder
unstable relationships, self-image and impulsivity
injury to superior gluteal nerve
L4-S1 leaving pelvis through greater sciatic foramen above piriformis
from injections to superomedial quadrant of butt
injury to radial nerve
innervates extensors
results in wrist drop
thiazolidinedione
decrease resistance through PPAR
upregulates GLUT4 and adiponectin
hep D
defective replication
must be coated by HBsAg
vWF
platelet adhesion by crosslinking platelet glycoproteins with collagen
causes of myopathy with elevated CK
hypothyroidism, muscular dystrophies, inflammatory muscle diseases, medications
HUS labs
decreased hemoglobin and haptoglobin
increased lactate and increased unconjugated bilirubin
initial TB
growth inside cells
IFN at 2-4 weeks
final stages of MI
deposition of type I collagen
found in dermis, bone, tendons, ligaments, dentin, cornea, blood vessels, scar tissue
PD-1
binds PD-L1 downregualting immune response
similar to CTLA-4
innervation lateral rectus
CN VI
results arteriolar vasodilators
sympathetic activation, activates RAAS and leads to fluid and sodium retention
production of ribose 5 phosphate
transketolase
AV fistula
decrease TPR, increase CO, increase VR
eosinophilia and aspergillus
increased in ABPA
common in asthmatics and leads to proximal broncheictasis
MAO for treatment resistant
signs of treatment resistant
mood reactivity
leaden paralysis
rejection sensitivity
draining proximal to dentate line
IMA and internal iliac lymph nodes
cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction
leads to Zenker diverticulum
abnormal spasm or diminished relaxation of cricopharyngeal muscles
use of odds ratio
case control
best initial treatment for drug seekin behavior
medication history
gestational choriocarcinoma histology
cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts and dyspnea from hematogenous spread
stain for malabsorption
sudan III
use cilostazole
reduces platelet activation by inhibiting PDE
also vasodilator
good for patients with PAD
phenotypic mixing
coinfection by 2 viral strains
exchange nucleocapsids
genetic material not passed on
first line for gouty arthritis
NSAIDS
acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
fever, chills, chest and/or back pain, hemoglobinuria, complement mediate cell lysis
type II HSR
vitamin E def
mimic Friedreich ataxia
degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts, degeneration of dorsal columns
primary central nervous system lymphoma
second most common cause of ring enhancing lesions with HIV
oral thrush, interstitial pneumonia, lymphopenia
vertical transmission of HIV in baby
urea in kidney
cortical impermeable
transporters in medullary collecting duct acted on by vasopressin
follicular lymphoma
waxing and waning
painless lymph node enlargement
carnitine deficiency
impairs FA transport preventing beta oxidation into acetyl coA
unable to synthesize ketone bodies
negative predictive value
probability of being free of disease if test is negative
ankylosing spondylitis
limits chest expansion
monitor chest expansion
dual identification
done independently to ensure proper surgical site
lobes most dependent on gravity when supine
posterior segments of upper lobes and superior segments of lower lobes
preferential excretion by liver
drugs that are more lipophilic
cytokine in temporal arteritis
IL-6
normal lab values and degenerating bones
osteoporosis
treatment in asthma
leukotriene and Ach antagonists
blood flow in exercise
match pulmonary and systemic circulation
pneumococal vaccine
polysaccharide unconjugated
T cell independent response
strongyloides in stool
rhaditiform (noninfectious)
decompensated heart failure
reduced CO leads to compensatory sympathetic and RAAS
transmigration
PECAM1
thrombosis of varicose veins
remains superficial
more common complication is ulcer
cognitive impairment and drugs
get social worker involved
MOA lidocaine
inactivated sodium channels
preference for ischmeic areas
morning stiffness
less than 30 min in osteoarthritis
clubbing and cyanosis without BP or pulse discrepancy
large PDA complicated by Eisenmenger syndrome
flank pain in nutcracker
loss of antithrombin III resulting in hematuria and elevated lactate dehydrogenase
reabsorption of water
proximal tubule >60 regardless of hydration status
two sample t test
averages between groups
Kozak sequence
RccAUG as adenosine or guanine
change leads to decrease initiation in beta thal
increase tricuspid regurg
inspiration
galactosemia
from galactose 1 phosphate deficiency
leads to jaundice and E coli sepsis
brown pigment stones
common after bacterial infection of biliary tract, beta glucuronidase released from injured hepatocytes and bacteria
location thoracentesis
8/10/12
too low and you get the liver
bacterial overgrowth from gastric bypass
deficiency of folic acid, B12, KADE
location beta 1 receptors
heart and JGA
ARDS cause
injury to alveolar pneumocytes leading from neutrophils leading to hyaline membranes
osteosarcoma characteristics
from Paget
sunburst pattern and lifting of cortex
Jimson weed
anticholinergic toxin
easily obtained drug of abuse
Cadherins
adhesion molecules that are calcium dependent
form adherens junctions and desmosomes
knee dislocation
posterior and anterior dislocations popliteal artery is at high risk
sublimation
channeling in an appropriate way
mature defense mechanism
location of action for PDE5 inhibitors
vascular smooth muscle of corpora cavernosa
serratus anterior
stabilizes and rotates teh scapula upwards
innervated by long thoracic nerve
damage leads to winged scapula
pancreas fluids
Cl and Bicarbonate exchanger
high low bicarb
low flow Cl
acute intermittent porphyria
deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase
leads to increased PBG and ALA
electrolytes in DKA
hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
blood diversion in cirrhosis
shift away from portal
increase in splenic vein
leads to splenomegaly
hydrophobic N terminal
accumulation in cytosol
blood smear alpha thalassemia
microcytic cells
androgen binding protein
from sertolic cells
helps maintain high local concentration of testosterone
Glucagon signaling
increase cAMP
Gs
red safranin O
stains cartilage, mast cell granules and mucin
vestige of gubernaculum in women
round ligament
projects through inguinal canal to labia majora
PE acid base
respiratory alkalosis
idopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
injury to endothelium followed by narrowing and accelerated vascular injury
dilation of RV
results in pulmonary endothelial damage in young patient
acyl CoA synthase deficiency symptoms
cardiomyopathy
hypoketonic hypoglycemia
elevated TG
muscle weakness
MYC vs Ras
Ras is GTP
MYC is transcription activator
increase Vmax on Lineweaver
decrease Y intercept
1/Vmax
lactulose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
acidifies GI tract turning NH3 into NH4
exertional leg pain
arterial ulcers
dermal atrophy
peripheral artery atherosclerosis
hoarseness from aneurysm at aorta
get recurrent laryngeal
innervates everything except cricothyroid
leads to posterior cricoarytenoid muscle dysfunction
thin walled cavity in lungs
Coccidioies in SW america
can cause asymptomatic infection or mild pneumonia
agrammatization
slow speech
found in lesion of Broca area
intact comprehension but poor repetition
unmyelinated nerve fibers
autonomic postganglionic nerves
also slow pain, heat sensation, and olfaction
larger sample size decreases
standard error
measure of variability around the mean
HLA digested by macrophages during antigen processing
invariant chain
replaced by external protein to form MHC peptide complex
cause of Prader Willi
loss of father
maternal uniparental disomy
role of transcription factors
cellular differentiation
can also induce cells to revert to less specialized forms
results of pernicious anemia
from chronic gastritis leads to increased gastrin as compensation for low acid
decreased IF
clinical Gaucher
from accumulation of glucocerebroside accumulation
leads to splenomegaly, pancytopenia, skeletal destruction
HIV and nephrotic
FSGS
collapsing glomerulopathy
leads to marked tubular injury and microcyst formation
treatment pneumothorax
chest tube
positive pressure for ARDS
effect vitamin D
increase Ca and Po
decrease PTH
draining maxillary sinuses
most common to cause infection
semilunar in middle meatus
lengthened during relaxation
I band
contains Z line
cause of mitral stenosis
rheumatic fever
mid-diastolic murmur heart over apex when lying
atrophy of brain from chronic alcoholism
atrophy of anterior lobes and cerebellar vermis-leads to Parkinsonian tremor
painless lower GI bleeding
can be from Meckel diverticulum
characteristics of HCOM
LV myocardium
normal coronary arteries
removal of primers
DNAP I
Lynch syndrome
colorectal cancer
ovarian cancer
endometrial cancer
symptoms alkaptonuria
AR defect in homogentisic acid
darkened urine and osteoarthropathy
homocystinuria
marfinoid features
defect in cystathionine beta synthase
drugs that don’t cross the placenta
water soluble materials do not readily cross placenta
a fib
leads to loss of a wave
composition of regenerative nodules
hepatocytes
cystic hygromas
lymphatic malformations involve loose areolar tissue
seen in turner, trisomies 18,13,21
decrease in transmembrane concentration gradient
causes closer to 0 for equilibrium potential
cause of lactose intolerance
downregulation of lactase production
MOA cyclosporine
inhibits IL-2 transcription
inhibits calcineurin
autoregulation of kidney
increase in FF due to increase in GFR and decrease in RPF due to efferent constriction
cause of orthostatic hypotension
alpha 1 responsible
histology membranous glomerulonephritis
spikes and domes
immune complexes with gaps between dark staining spikes
xerosis
winter itch
moisturizing creams should be applied after bathing
transmembrane receptors
hydrophobic AA
alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline, and glycine
spider angiomas
from estrogen excess
complications of endometriosis
infertility
increased epithelial ovarian carcinoma but not endometrial
crypt abscess
UC
primary ovarian insufficiency
women <40 with amenorrhea
follicular depletion through accelerated atresia (apoptotic process)
agglutination inhibition test
presence of agglutination is considered negative
paclitaxel in drug eluting stent
decreases intimal hyperplasia
decrease rate of new endothelium forms over luminal surface
insulin and GLUT4
increase glucose transporter from intracellular vesicles to cell membrane
inferolaterally placed clavicle
due to deltoid
heterozygotes with MCAD
decreased MCAD activity leads to hypoketoic hypoglycemia
treatment hypokalemia in patient with furosemide
muscle cramps
check electrolyte levels
psoas muscle
attaches to lesser trochanter
spread of infection can cause pain in groin
varicella reactivation
HIV patients or immunocompromised
role of HLA
antigen presentation
joint space narrowing
osteoarthritis
overactivity of metalloproteases
fixed ventilation and hypercapnia
due to increased dead space formation
cerebellar and retinal hemangioblastomas
renal cell carcinoma and pheo
VHL syndrome
location Kayser-Fleischer rings
cornea
widening of mediastinum and abnormal aortic countour
aortic dissection
associated with uncontrolled HTN and Marfan syndrome
part of brain chronic alcohol consumption
cerebellum (vermis)
from rhombencephalon
composition leucine zipper
basic AA and leucine at every 7th position
is a transcription factor
carbon dioxide for pyrimidine synthesis
occurs in cytosol
glutamine, Co2 and carbamoyl phosphate
reaction catalyzed by CPS II
psoas muscle location
lateral to vertebral bodies
pain illicit-appendicitis
linear IgG deposits in GBM
anti-GBM disease
greatest increase in risk for coronary artery disease
smoking
esophagus through diaphragm
with vagaus nerve
aortic with thoracic duct and azygos vein
presentation von Gierke
hepatomegaly
fasting hypoglycemia
due to G6P def
small testes, gynecomastia, increased long bone growth
Klinefelter
most common sites intracerebral hemorrhage
thalamus and putamen
pontine causes pinpoint pupils and loss of horizontal gaze
transformation zone
squamous non keratinized and simple columnar
susceptible to metaplasia
origin Rathke pouch
surface ectoderm
can present as prolactinoma
innervation of ear
vagus nerve provides cutaneous innervation to posterior part of external ear
the rest from trigem
side effects tamoxifen
endometrial hyperplasia
risk of DVT
rapid onset anxiety
without medical history likely from medical condition than primary anxiety disorder (could be from hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypercortisol, pheo)
sign cardiac tamponade
drop in pulse amplitude during inspiration
known as pulsus paradoxus
acute mesenteric ischemia
NADH inhibits dehydrogenase
buildup of lactate leads to acidemia
budding yeast
crypto
necrotizing fasciitis
strep
PYAR+
highest burden of atherosclerosis
coronary and lower abdominal aorta
adverse effect prostatectomy
get cavernous nerves and cause erectile dysfunction
increase TBG
increase total T4 (more bound)
no decrease in T4 if patient remains euthyroid
beta blockers on glaucoma
on ciliary epithelium to decrease aqueous humor secretion (other muscles innervated by parasymp)
breathing work
stiff lungs (fibrosis, pulmonary edema, ARDS)-rapid shallow breaths high resistance-asthma, COPD-slow breathing
gallstones in pregnancy
estrogen increase in cholesterol
hypomotility from progesterone
compensation chronic severe aortic regurg
eccentric hypertrophy, increase preload, increase SV
risperidone amenorrhea
increase prolactin
decrease GnRH
medication target CAH
target ACTH
hypotension from muscarinic receptors
NO release
sex determination
SRY encodes for testes determining factor
Sertoli makes anti-Mullerian (female suppressed)
Leydig-Wolffian and DHT for external genitalia
substances increased in anaphylaxis
tryptase (marker of mast cell activation)
artery off splenic
short gastric
left epiploic has good anastomosis
MOA calcipotriene
vitamin D analog that inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and stimulate differentiation
protein M
inhibits phagocytosis and mediates adherence
colon cancer
right-occult bleeding
left-constipation and intestinal obstruction
rectosigmoid-hematochezia
tenesmus from rectal adenocarcinoma
acute ureteral constriction
decreases GFR and FF
imperforate hymen
incomplete degeneration of central portion of fibrous wall connecting walls of vagina
primary amenorrhea, normal secondary sexual characteristics and cyclic abdominal pain (hematocolpos)
right nasal hemianopia
from calcification or aneurysm of ICA, at peri-chiasm
acetylation of drugs
resistance to aminoglycosides
result of V/Q mismatch
alveolar hyperventilation
constrictive pericarditis on CT
calcification and thickening of pericardium
cause of motor fluctuations in Parkinson disease
drug response is unpredictable
progressive nigrostriatal degeneration leads to decreased therapeutic window
ectopic pregnancy histology
uterus would look proliferative on D and C
edematous stroma
repressor in lac operon
defective operator cannot bind repressor
constitutive expression
CAP must work for it to be active
aromatase deficiency
ambiguous genitalia for baby and hirsutism for mother
laboratory findings SCID
T cell low and hypogammaglobulinemia
lowest osmolarity in setting of ADH
DCT
supinator canal
contains radial nerve
can be injured from repetitive pronation/supination
homogeneous pale pink cytoplasm in liver
chronic hep B (mallory bodies are more clumped)
landmark for LP
iliac crest
polycythemia vera
low EP
overly sensitive to GF due to JAK mutations
MOA fibrates
PPAR alpha leads to decreased hepatic VLDL production
treatment PCOS
estrogen receptor modification
spironolactone not used in woman trying to get pregnant
serum sickness
fibrinoid necrosis
acute serum sickness
decreased C3 levels
ecthyma granulosa
Pseudomonas
common in immunocompromised patients with catheters
stimulus control
dissociate from nonsleeping activities
enzyme norepi to epi
PNMT
stimulated by cortisol
cause of direct hernias
weakness of transversalis fascia
acoustic neuroma
from CN VIII
CIN
from HPV
use protection
nifedipine
treat HTN without interfering with heart block
rings for hernias
external abdominal oblique for superficial
transversalis for deep
surgical repair through superficial (external oblique aponeurosis)
supraspinatus vs teres minor
teres-external and adduction
supraspinatus-external rotation only
CML vs leukmoid
decreased alk in CML
increased alk in leukemoid
dobutamine cardiac adaption
increased myocardial o2 consumption
type 1 IFN (alpha and beta)
in viral infections
decrease protein synthesis
only made in presence of dsRNA
optimal site for femoral nerve block
inguinal crease
femoral provides innervation to quads
brachiocphalic obstruction
symptoms similar to SVC syndrome but only on R side
homocystinuria enzymes and cofactor
pyridoxine as cofactor-for cystathionine beta synthase
restrict methionine
AV shunts on PV loops
increases preload and decreases afterload
TPR is decreased due to bypassing of arterioles
check in metabolic alkalosis
urine chloride levels
niacin as cofactor
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
pyruvate dehydrogenase
ptosis, down and out, normal light in diabetic
from central ischemia
oxalate crystals
ethylene glycol poisoning
seen in toxic renal injury
cause of cleft lip
failure of maxillary and intermaxillary
treatment tremulous patient
benzo administration
most specific antibody for rheumatoid arthritis
citrullinated peptides
treatment GBS
ampicillin can be given intrapartum
penicillin still DOC
leuprolide
initial LH surge before suppression due to GnRH agonist and then negative feedback from continuous administration
complete mole
no fetal structures
duplication paternal so 46xx
spinal pain at night
metastatic
derivative that binds to mu receptors
ACTH
POMC forms endorphins, ACTH, and MSH
mutations that decrease 23BPG binding and increase hemoglobin oxygen
like fetal hemoglobin
gamma does not bind 23BPG
RT-PCR
detect mRNA
adrenergic drugs
eye from alpha 1
uterus from beta 2
acute treatment agitation and psychosis with delirium
haloperidol
damage to MLF
internuclear opthalmoplegia
can occur from lacunar stroke in pontine stroke ipsilateral eye
result of left ventricular failure
fluid accumulation in lung interstitium and decreased compliance
IV fluid
increase end-diastolic sarcomere length
given in hypovolemic shock
increases preload
cardiac vegetations
fibrin deposition as nidus
hereditary hemochromatosis
HFE defect in intestinal iron absorption
predominant cell in sarcoidosis
CD4 T cells
prevention neonatal tetanus
vaccinating women
transplacental IgG
drop in PaCO2 from ventilator
vasoconstriction to decrease perfusion and edema
presents with serum sickness like symptoms (joint pain, lymphadenopathy, urticaria)
hep B
Ladd bands and constriction
failure of midgut rotation around SMA
enzymes inhibited by lead
ferrochelatase and ALAD
cardiac ion pump failure
increase Ca and increase Na
cause of hemiballism
subthalamic nucleus
lacunar stroke
modulates basal ganglia
contralateral hemiballism (uncontrolled proximal limbs)
NNRTI
do not require activation
nevirapine and efavirenz
angioedema from ACEi
due to bradykinin accumulation
pernicious anemia
pink in upper glandular component
uric acid stones
patinet with diarrhea has dehydration
decrease pH makes them more concentrated in urine (pH increase conversion of urate salts into uric acid)
carotid massage
increase baroreceptor firing
increase parasympathetic leads to increase in refractory period at AV node
cleavage of proinsulin
occurs in secretory granules
results in C-peptide and insulin
HIV drugs that cause hyperglycemia
protease inhibitors (navir ending)
location transketolase
cytosol
hemophilia A
PTT
PCP MOA
NDMA antagonist
pelvic fractures
common to posterior urethra injury leading to inability to void
mediator in sepsis
TNFalpha
along with IL-1 and IL-6
ipsilateral shoulder pain and Horner’s syndrome
compression of autonomic ganglia by Pancoast tumors
acute mitral regurg compensation
afterload decrease
preload increase
SV increase
cause of DIC in pregnancy
release of tissue factor into maternal circulation
amniotic origin associated with shock
genetics ataxia telangiectasia
DNA ds break repair
number of subjects
24/ER treatment
aldolase B def
no sucrose
internal laryngeal nerve
mediates afferent cough reflex
can be injured from injury to piriform recess
common injury during hysterectomy
ureter
still able to void normally
results in flank pain
prevention tissue necrosis
alpha 1 blockers
phentolamine
IL-2
stimulates NK cells
reason of use in cancer treatment
MOA opiates
hyperpolarization by increased potassium efflux out of the cells
characteristic liquefactive necrosis
complete digestion
hemodynamics severe aortic stenosis
sudden decrease in preload due to loss of atrial contraction
caudal regression syndrome
lower extremity paralysis and incontinence
from maternal diabetes
antibodies from vaccination
against hemagglutinin
results in inhibition of binding
increased PWAP pressures
mitral stenosis
septic abortion
retained products
staph aureus infection
present with fever and uterine tenderness (unlike gardnerella)
sideroblastic anemia from isoniazid
ALAS deficiency
B6 degredation is a cofactor for this step
happens in mitochondria
systolic murmur increases with inspiration
tricuspid regurg
pellagra like symptoms in Hartnup
from niacin deficiency
nerve near psoas
femoral
leads to decreased sensation on anterior thigh
lesions causing UMN
precentral gyrus, corticospinal tract, internal capsule
uncontrolled hydrocephalus
spasticity due to stretching of pyramidal tracts
labs in dactylitis
decreased haptoglobin
increased indirect bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase
failure of endocardial cushions to fuse leading to single AV valve
ostium primum
seen in Down syndrome
integrase inhibitors decrease
production of viral messenger RNA
porcelain gallbladder risk
adenocarcinoma of gallbladder
parvo virus aplastic crisis
from nonenveloped ssDNA
aplastic anemia-pancytopenia
aplastic crisis-just erythrocytes
anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab
goodpasture
crescent on LM
matching method
decreases confounding bias
hepatocellular damage from anesthetic
halogenated
present with centrilobar necrosis
diastolic heart failure
only end diastolic pressure increases
cause S4
LV hypertrophy due to decreased heart compliance
oculomotor palsy
posterior communicating artery aneurysm
removal of primers
poly I
IP3 association
PKC
PLC before interaction with IP3
normal lab in ARDS
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
treatment homocystinuria
pyridoxine
immune response to listeria
cell-mediated
aVL and I
LCX MI
presentation Henoch-Schonlein
abdominal pain, jaw pain, purpura, and hematuria
primary hyperparathyroid
osteitis fibrosa cystica
subperiosteal erosions affecting phalanges
MOA fidaxomicin
inhibits RNAP
can be used to treat C diff
combination tonic-clonic and absence
treat with valproate
first line of treatment gout patient with PUD
cannot give NSAIDS
give colchicine instead-results in nausea, diarrhea, vomiting
boronic acid containing dipeptide
bortezomib
given to MM to cause cell apoptosis by acting as a proteasome inhibitor
field defect
embryologic defect leads to multiple defects disrupting adjacent tissue
supplementation in hereditary orotic aciduria
give uridine supplementation to bypass enzyme defect
MAAM COCO
timing of valves and open/close
starting from bottom right
anxiety without sleepiness
long or medium acting benzos (loarzepam)
long acting-DCF
maternal hyperglycemia
results in beta cell hyperplasia that can lead to hypoglycemia in the newborn
contribution to abscess
lysosomal content release by macrophages
leads to tissue damage
air fluid level helps diff from granuloma
acute pericarditis
friction rub
frontal lobe lesions
right-disinhibition
left-apathy
risk for fungemia
neutrophils
localized would be deficit of T cells
bacteria grow in hypertonic solution
enterococci
from cytoscopy
labs Klinefelter
increse LH and FSH increase estrogen (elevated estradiol leads to gynecomastia)
pathogenesis cholesterol gallstones
increase cholesterol
decrease bile acids and decrease phosphatidylcholine
DOC adrenal crisis
dexamethasone
endothelial inhibition of aggregation
prostacyclin (PGI2)
most common tumor of liver (benign)
cavernous hemangioma
blood in variable size spaces lined by single epithelial layer
do not biopsy due to risk of fatal hemorrhage
spinal and sensory loss
syringomyelia
ALS no loss of sensation
