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Step One > Micro Random > Flashcards

Micro Random Flashcards

1
Q

composition flagellum vs pilus

A

proteins-flagellum

pilus-glycoprotein

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2
Q

composition spore

A

dipicolinic acid

resist dehydration, heat, chemicals

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3
Q

capsule

A

inhibits against phagocytosis

polysaccharide (poly D glutamate in B anthracis)

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4
Q

location endotoxin

A

outer leaflet (LPS/LOS)

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5
Q

lipid A

A

induces TNF and IL-1

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6
Q

sugar backbone with peptide side chains cross linked by peptidase

A

cell wall

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7
Q

lipoteichoic acids

A

gram positive only
extend from membrane to exterior
can induce TNF-alpha and IL-1

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8
Q

Giemsa stain

A

chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsia, trypanosomes, plasmodium

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9
Q

PAS

A

stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

used to diagnose Whipple disease

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10
Q

carbol fuchsin

A

stains mycolic acid in cell wall

current standard-auramine-rhodamine stain

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11
Q

chocolate agar

A

contains factor V (NAD) and X (hematin)

grows H flu

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12
Q

Thayer Martin

A

contains vanco, trimethoprim and colistin and nystatin

grows neisseria

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13
Q

Bordet-Gengou

A

potato extract for pertussis

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14
Q

Regan-Lowe

A

charcoal, blood and antibiotics

grows pertussis

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15
Q

grow diptheria

A

tellurite, Loeffler

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16
Q

grow TB

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

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17
Q

grow M pneumo

A

Eton agar

contains cholesterol

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18
Q

MacConkey agar

A

produces acid in fermentation-turns pink

for lactose fermenting enterics

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19
Q

eosin-methylene blue agar

A

gree metallic sheen for E. coli

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20
Q

charcoal years with cysteine and iron

A

legionella

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21
Q

sabouraud agar

A

fungi

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22
Q

obligate aerobes

A

nocardia, psuedonomas, mycobacterium TB

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23
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

clostridium, bacteroides, fusobacterium, actinomyces

lack catalse

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24
Q

foul smell in anaerobes

A

short chain fatty acids

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25
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

make ATP through nonoxygen dependent pathways

not killed by O2

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26
Q

obligate intracellular

A

rickettsia, chlamydia, coxiella

rely on host ATP

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27
Q

facultative intracellular

A

salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia

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28
Q

encapsulated

A

pseudomonas, strep pneumo, h flu, neisseria, e. coli, salmonella, klebsiella, group B strep

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29
Q

encapsulated bacteria vaccines

A

conjugate protein
promote T cell activation
pneumo, h flu, meningitis

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30
Q

urease positive

A

proteus, cryptococcus, h pylori, ureaplasma, nocardia, klebsiella, s epidermidis, s saprophyticus

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31
Q

catalase positive

A

nocardia, pseudonomas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, e coli, staph, serratia, B cepacia, h pylori

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32
Q

ventilator associated pneumonia

A

p aeruginosa

also contact lens-associated keratitis

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33
Q

binds Fc portion of IgG to prevent opsonization and phagocytosis

A

staph protein A

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34
Q

cleaves IgA to adhere and colonize membranes

A

s pneumo, h flu, neisseria

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35
Q

type III sec

A

pseudonomas, salmonella, shigella, e coli

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36
Q

uptake naked bacteria

A

transformation

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37
Q

bacteria that use transformation

A

s pneumo, h flu, neisseria (ones with IgA protease)

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38
Q

no transfer of chromosomal DNA

A

F+xF-

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39
Q

transfer part of plasmid and flanking chromosomal genes

A

Hfr x F-

recipient remains F- but has new bacterial genes

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40
Q

generalized transduction

A

lytic cleaves bacterial DNA and packages in phage capsid

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41
Q

specialized transduction

A

excision-lysogenic infects bacterium

flanking DNA may be packaged into capsid

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42
Q

toxins encoded in lysogenic phage with specialized

A

GAS, botulism, cholera, diptheria, shiga toxin

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43
Q

example of transposon

A

vanA in VRE

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44
Q

formation of spores

A

at end of stationary phase when nutrients are limited

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45
Q

kill spore

A

autoclave

steam at 121C for 15 min

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46
Q

exotoxin

A

polypeptide on plasmid or bacteriophage that are highly toxic

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47
Q

exotoxin examples

A

tetanus, botulism, diptheria

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48
Q

endotoxin

A

lipid A of LPS

induces TNF, IL-1 and IL-6

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49
Q

destruction exotoxin

A

at 60C

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50
Q

destruction endotoxin

A

at 100C for 1 hr

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51
Q

enhances cytokine release

A

shiga toxin and SLT

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52
Q

labile vs stable ETEC

A 
labile cAMP (increase Cl secretion)
stable cGMP (decrease NaCl resorption)
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53
Q

pertussis toxin

A

overactivates AC by disabling Gi

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54
Q

location botulism toxin

A

NMJ

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55
Q

AB toxin

A

B binding

A active

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56
Q

alpha toxin C perfringes

A

phospholipase degrades tissue and cell membranes

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57
Q

strep degrades cell membrane

A

streptolysin O

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58
Q

binds MHC II and TCR

A

exotoxin A-strep

TSST-staph

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59
Q

food poisoning

A

heat stable enterotoxin staph

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60
Q

exfoliative toxin

A

scalded skin syndrome

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61
Q

composition LPS

A

O antigen+core polysaccharide+ lipid A

endotoxin-not secreted actively

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62
Q

effects endotoxin

A 
macrophage activation (TLR4), complement activation, tissue factor activation
(edema and NO)
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63
Q

common sites of staph colonization

A

nares, axilla, groinlabs TSS

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64
Q

increase AST, ALT and bilirubin

A

labs in TSS

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65
Q

no virulence without capsule

A

strep pneumo

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66
Q

makes dextrans which bind fibrin-platelet aggregates

A

s sanguinis

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67
Q

PYR+

A

GAS

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68
Q

impetigo

A

precedes glomerulonephritis

pharyngitis can be before either

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69
Q

CAMP factor GBS

A

enlarges area of hemolysis formed by staph

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70
Q

hippurate + PYR-

A

GBS

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71
Q

intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis

A

GBS

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72
Q

strep bovis

A

associated with colon cancer

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73
Q

catalase - PYR+

A

enterococci

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74
Q

medusa head appearance

A

anthrax

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75
Q

cause cereus food poisoning

A

cereulide

preformed toxin

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76
Q

treatment tetanus

A

antitoxin+booster

diazepam and wound debridement

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77
Q

babies c diff

A

spores in honey

treat with anti-toxin

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78
Q

causes C diff

A

antibiotics-clinda or ampicillin

PPI use

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79
Q

treatment c diff

A

metronidazle, vancomycin, fidaxomicin

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80
Q

encoded by beta prophage

A

exotoxin diptheria

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81
Q

stain diptheria

A

metachromatic (blue and red) granules and Elek + for toxin

black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar

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82
Q

manifestations listeria

A

amnionitis, septicemia, spontaneous abortion, granulomatosis infantiseptica, neonatal meningitis, meningitis in immunocompromised

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83
Q

PID with IUDs

A

actinomyces

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84
Q

mimic TB but -PPD and acid fast

A

nocardia

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85
Q

fewer false positives from BCG vaccination

A

interferon gamma release assay

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86
Q

prophylaxis MAI

A

azithromycin

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87
Q

M scrofulaceum

A

cervical lymphadenitis in children

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88
Q

M marinum

A

hand infection in aquarium handlers

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89
Q

cord factor

A

activates macropahges and induces release of TNF-alpha

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90
Q

sulfatides

A

inhibit phagolysosomal fusion

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91
Q

lepromatous

A

Th2-low response

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92
Q

tuberculoid

A

Th1

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93
Q

lactose fermenters

A

klebsiella, e coli, enterobacter, serratia

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94
Q

breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

A

beta galactosidase in e coli

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95
Q

EMB agar

A

lactose-purple/black

e coli green

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96
Q

ferment maltose and glucose

A

meningococci

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97
Q

capsule neisseria

A

none in gonococci

polysaccharide capsule in meningococci

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98
Q

conjunctivitis 2-5 days after birth

A

neisseria

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99
Q

prevents neonatal blindness

A

erythromycin

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100
Q

most common cause of mucosal infection h flu

A

nontypable

unencapsulated

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101
Q

thumb sign

A

epiglottitis

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102
Q

vaccine h flu

A

type b capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol phosphate)
conjugated to diptheria toxoid
given between 2-18 months of age

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103
Q

stages pertussis

A

catarrhal-low grade fever
paroxysmal
convalescent

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104
Q

lymphocytic infiltate

A

bordatella

confused as viral frequently

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105
Q

treatment legionella

A

macrolides or quinolone

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106
Q

Legionnaires disease

A

pneumonia, fever, GI, and CNS symptoms

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107
Q

toxins pseudomonas

A

endotoxin-fever, shock
exotoxin A-inactivates EF2
phospholipase C-degrades membranes
pyocyanin-generates reactive oxygen species

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108
Q

treatments pseudonomas

A

carbapenems, aminoglycosides, monobactams, polymyxins, FQN, third and fourth gen cephalosporins, extended penicillins

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109
Q

mucoid polysaccharide capsule

A

contribute to chronic pneumonia in CF

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110
Q

patients with ecthyma gangenosum

A

seen in immunocompromised

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111
Q

K capsule e coli

A

pneumonia, neonatal meningitis

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112
Q

fimbriae e coli

A

cystitis, pyelonephritis

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113
Q

EIEC

A

invasive, dysentery

similar manifestations similar to shigella

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114
Q

ETEC

A

heat labile and heat stable enterotoxins causing travelers diarrhea

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115
Q

EPEC

A

adheres to apical surfaces and prevents absorption in peds

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116
Q

e coli that does not produce sorbitol

A

EHEC

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117
Q

lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics

A

klebisella

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118
Q

no hematogenous spread

A

shigella

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119
Q

Vi capsule

A

salmonella typhi

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120
Q

prolongs duration

A

antibiotics and salmonella

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121
Q

primarily monocyte response

A

salmonella typhi

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122
Q

vaccine salmonella typhi

A

Vi capsular polysaccharide in IM

live attenuated in oral

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123
Q

treatment typhoid fever

A

ceftriaxone or FQN

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124
Q

carrier state typhoid

A

gallbladder colonization

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125
Q

decreasing severity shigella

A

dysenteriae
flexneri
boydii
sonnei

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126
Q

grows in alkaline media

A

vibrio cholera

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127
Q

acid vibrio

A

acid labile

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128
Q

pseudoappendicitis

A

yersinia due to mesenteric adenitis and/or terminal ileitis

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129
Q

main location pylori

A

antrum stomach

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130
Q

treatment pylori

A

amoxicillin
clarithromycin
PPI

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131
Q

visualization with aniline dyes spirochete

A

borrelia

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132
Q

myalgia lepto

A

calves

also jaundice, photophobia

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133
Q

conjunctiva suffusion

A

erythema without exudate

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134
Q

Weil disease

A

jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction

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135
Q

ixodes vector

A

anaplasma
babesia
borrelia

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136
Q

natural reservoir borrelia

A

mouse

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137
Q

DOC lyme

A

doxycycline

amoxicillin and cefuroxime in children and pregnant

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138
Q

condylomomata lata

A

white lesions, smooth

from syphilis

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139
Q

neurosyphilis

A

test spinal fluid with VDRL, FTA-ABS, PCR

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140
Q

VDRL

A

nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin

sensitive but not specific

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141
Q

false + VDRL

A

viral infection
drugs
rheumatic fever
lupus and leprosy

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142
Q

borrelia louse

A

relapsing fever from variable surface antigens

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143
Q

Lone star tick

A

ehrlichiosis

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144
Q

rickettsia louse

A

prowazekii

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145
Q

dermacentor rickettsia

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

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146
Q

endemic typhus

A

fleas

typhi

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147
Q

epidemic typhus

A

louse

prowazekii

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148
Q

monocytes with morulae

mulberry like inclusions

A

ehrlichiosis

149
Q

anaplasma

A

granulocytes with morulae

150
Q

no rash or vector

endospore

A

Q fever

coxiella

151
Q

elementary body

A

enters via endocytosis

152
Q

treatment chlamydia

A

azithromycin

or doxy and ceftriaxone

153
Q

A-C chlamydia

A

blindness

especially in Africa

154
Q

D-K

A

everything else

neonatal conjunctivitis-weeks

155
Q

treatment lymphogranuloma venereum

A

doxycycline

156
Q

treatment mycoplasma

A

macrolides, doxy, or FQN

157
Q

fungal palatal/tongue ulcers

splenomegaly

A

histoplasmosis

158
Q

fungal simulate SCC

A

blastomycosis

159
Q

tinea characteristics

A

branching septate hyphae

160
Q

varieties tinea pedis

A

interdigital
moccasin distribution
vesicular type

161
Q

degeneration of lipids produces acids that damage melanocytes

A

malasseiza

162
Q

candida vulvovaginitis

A

diabetes and ABX

163
Q

disseminated candidiasis

A

neutropenic patients

164
Q

cause invasive aspergillosis

A

immunocompromised

chronic granulomatous disease

165
Q

ABPA

A

associated with asthma and CF

may cause bronchiectasis and eosinophilia

166
Q

latex agglutination

A

detects polysaccharide capsular antigen

167
Q

fungal cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

mucor and rhizopus

168
Q

prophylaxis PCP count

A

<200

169
Q

ascending lymphangitis

A

nodules along draining lymphatics

sporothrix schenckii

170
Q

treatment sporothrix

A

itraconazole or potassium iodide

171
Q

cysts with up to 4 nuclei in stool

A

E histolytica

172
Q

treatment E histolytica

A

metronidazole, paromomycin, iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst

173
Q

transmission cryptosporidium

A

oocytes in water

174
Q

treatment cryptosporidium

A

nitazoxanide

175
Q

congenital toxo

A

chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

176
Q

biopsy toxo

A

tachzoite seen

177
Q

spinal fluid naegleria

A

amoebas

178
Q

blood smear trypanosoma

A

trypomastigote

179
Q

treatment trypanosoma

A

suramin for blood

melarsoprol for CNS

180
Q

48 hr cycle

A

p vivax/ovale

181
Q

72 hr cycle

A

p malariae

182
Q

chloroquine MOA

A

blocks heme polymerase

183
Q

life threatening malaria

A

quinidine or artesunate (test for G6PD)

184
Q

primaquine

A

for hypnozoite for vivax/ovale

185
Q

fever and hemolytic anemia

A

babesia

186
Q

unilateral periorbital swellin

A

Romana sign

acute stage Chagas

187
Q

blood smear chagas

A

trypomastigote

188
Q

treatment chagas

A

benznidazole or nifurtimox

189
Q

visceral leishmaniasis

A

spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia

190
Q

cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

skin ulcers

191
Q

diagnosis leishmania

A

macrophages containing amastigotes

192
Q

wet mount trichomonas

A

trophozoites moving

193
Q

type I HSR to helminths

A

neutralization of histamine and leukotrienes

194
Q

type II HSR to helminths

A

eosinophils attach to surface of helminths via IgE and release cytotoxins (major basic protein)

195
Q

treatment pinworm

A

pyrantel pamoate or bendazoles

196
Q

ascariasis

A

fecal-oral

197
Q

cutaneous larva migranse

A

serpiginous rash from ancylostoma (hook worm)

198
Q

trichuris

A

whipworm that causes rectal prolapse in children

199
Q

visceral larva migrans

A

migrate to blood through intestinal wall

affects heart, liver, eyes, CNS

200
Q

transmission onchocerca

A

female blackfly

201
Q

transmission loa loa

A

deer fly, horse fly, mango fly

202
Q

transmission wuchereria

A

female mosquito

203
Q

treatment neurocysticercosis

A

albendazole

204
Q

cysticercosis

A

ingestion of eggs

205
Q

transmission echinococcus

A

ingestion of eggs

206
Q

treatment echinococcus

A

albendazole

207
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of bladder

A

s haematobium (terminal spine)

208
Q

biliary tract inflammation

A

leads to pigmented gallstones

clonorchis sinensis

209
Q

cancer clonorchis

A

cholangiocarcinoma

from undercooked fish

210
Q

pruritus worse at night

A

scabies

transmission through skin to skin contact

211
Q

treatment scabies

A

permethrin cream

212
Q

lice

A

pediculus, blood suckling

can transmit prowazekii, borrelia recurrentis, bartonella quintana

213
Q

treatment lice

A

pyrethroids, malathion, or ivermectin

can be treated at home without interrupting school attendance

214
Q

recombination

A

exchange between 2 chromosomes by crossing over in regions with homology

215
Q

reassortment

A

segmented genomes exchange genetic material

antigenic shift

216
Q

complementation

A

nonmutated complements mutated one by making functional proteins
hepB makes envelope for HDV

217
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A

MMR, Yellow fever, Rotavirus, influenza, chickenpox, smallpox, sabin

218
Q

killed vaccines

A

rabies, influenza, salk polio, HAV

induce only humoral immunity

219
Q

subunit vaccines

A

HBV, HPV

220
Q

circular DNA

A

papilloma, polyoma, hepadnaviruses

221
Q

infectivity naked viral genome

A

require polymerases in virion to be infectious

222
Q

membrane herpes

A

from nuclear membrane

223
Q

febrile pharyngitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, pink eye

A

adenovirus

224
Q

cause PML

A

JC virus in HIV

225
Q

virus targets kidneys

A

BK polyomavirus

226
Q

pure RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis in adult

A

parvo

227
Q

most common cause of sporadic encephalitis

A

HSV1

228
Q

herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

V1 varicella HHV3

229
Q

lymphoproliferative disease in transplant patients

A

EBV HHV4

230
Q

hemorrhage, cotton-wool exudates, vision loss

A

CMV in AIDS retinitis

231
Q

latency CMV

A

mononuclear cells

owl eye inclusions

232
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic Cowdry A inclusions

A

HSV and VZV

233
Q

receptor CMV

A

integrins

234
Q

receptor parvo

A

P antigen on RBC

235
Q

receptor rabies

A

nicotinic AChR

236
Q

chikungunya

A

togavirus

237
Q

HTLV

A

T celll leukemia

icosahedral capsid

238
Q

croup

A

parainfluenza

239
Q

LCMV

A

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

an arenavirus

240
Q

segmented ambisense

A

arenavirus

241
Q

rhino and acid

A

acid labile

242
Q

Councilman bodies

A

eosinophilic apoptotic globules in liver seen in Yellow fever virus

243
Q

binds sialic acid and promotes viral entry

A

hemagglutinin

244
Q

location replication live attenuated influenza vaccine

A

in nose and not in lung

245
Q

blueberry muffin appearance from rubella

A

due to dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis

246
Q

fusion protein

A

causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells

247
Q

promotes virion release

A

neuraminidase

248
Q

steeple sign

A

narrowing upper trachea and subglottis

from parainfluenza

249
Q

severe croup

A

pulsus paradoxus secondary to upper airway obstruction

250
Q

prodrome measles

A

cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, Koplik spots

251
Q

Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells

A

fused lymphocytes seen in measles

252
Q

sequelae measles

A

SSPE, encephalitis, and giant cell pneumonia

253
Q

reduce morbidity and mortality from measles

A

vitamin A

particularly in malnourished children

254
Q

negri bodies

A

cytoplasmic inclusions

purkinje and hippocampal neurons

255
Q

postexposure rabies

A

killed vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin

256
Q

transport rabies

A

retrograde via dynein after binding to Ach receptors

257
Q

target cells ebola

A

endothelial cells, phagocytes, hepatocytes

258
Q

Zika

A

flavivirus from Aedes mosquito

259
Q

Zika in pregnant womane

A

congenital microcephaly and miscarriage

260
Q

naked viruses hepatitis

A

A and E

261
Q

lacks exonuclease activity

A

HCVHCV

leads to variation in envelope proteins

262
Q

macrovascular steatosis

A

HCV

263
Q

ground glass and cytotoxic T cell mediated damage liver

A

HBV

264
Q

hepatocyte swelling, Counsilman bodies

A

HAV

265
Q

leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A

seen in HepC

266
Q

porphyria cutanea tarda and lichen planus

A

hepC

267
Q

renal HepC

A

membranous

268
Q

renal HepB

A

membranoproliferative

269
Q

endocrine HepC

A

increase risk for DM and autoimmune hypothyroidism

270
Q

anti HBs

A

from vaccination or recovery

271
Q

env

A

gp 120 and 41 for attachment and fusion

272
Q

gag

A

p24 and p17 for capsid and matrix proteins

273
Q

pol

A

reverse trasncriptase, aspartate protease, integrase

274
Q

early infection HIV receptor

A

CCR5 on macrophages

275
Q

receptor late HIV

A

CXCR4

276
Q

diagnosis HIV

A

ELISA-sensitive

Western Blot-specific

277
Q

AIDS diagnosis

A

<200

HIV and AIDS defining condition

278
Q

problems with diagnosis HIV

A

falsely negative 1-2 months

falsely positive in babies due to anti-gp120 crossing placenta

279
Q

detecting viral lode in babies HIV

A

PCR

280
Q

location replication HIV latent phase

A

lymph nodes

281
Q

oval yeast cells within macrophages

A

histoplasma capsulatum

seen inHIV patients less than 200

282
Q

nonenhancing areas of demyelination on MRI

A

PML from JC reactivation

283
Q

acid fast oocysts in stool

A

cryptosporidium

284
Q

CNS lymphoma

A

ring enahncing from EBV

usually solitary

285
Q

special infections CF

A

burkholderia cepacia
staph aureus
strep pneumo
pseudomonas

286
Q

post viral infection

A

strep pneumo
staph aureus
h flu

287
Q

most common to cause abscess

A

viridans and staph aureus

288
Q

otitis and mastoiditis abscess

A

temporal lobe and cerebellum

289
Q

sinusitis or dental infection abscess

A

frontal lobe

290
Q

osteomyelitis involving vertebra

A

staph and TB

291
Q

best test for osteomyelitis

A

MRI

elevated CRP and ESR

292
Q

predisposing factors UTI

A

obstruction, kidney surgery, catheterization, GU malformation, diabetes, pregnancy

293
Q

+nitrite

A

E coli

294
Q

thin white vaginal discharge

A

bacterial vaginosis

295
Q

nonspecific TORCH infection signs

A

hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation

296
Q

meningoencephalitis in baby

A

HSV-2

297
Q

oval shaped vsicles on palms and soles

A

hand foot mouth

298
Q

fine desquamating truncal rash

A

Rubella

299
Q

clinical features gonorrhea

A

urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epidymitis, arthritis

300
Q

granuloma inguinale

A

red ulcer that bleeds on contact

from Klebsiella

301
Q

most common bacterial STI

A

chlamydia

can cause PID

302
Q

risk factor for ectopic preganncy

A

salpingitis

303
Q

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

A

infection of liver capsule and violin string adhesions of peritoneum to liver

304
Q

bacteria from ventilators and intubation

A

pseudomonas, klebsiella, acinetobacter, staph aureus

305
Q

penicillin G vs V

A

G IV or IM

V oral

306
Q

greater oral availability than ampicillin

A

amoxicillin

307
Q

bulky R group penicillin

A

diclox, naf, oxacillin

308
Q

beta lactamase inhibitors

A

clavulanic acid
avibactam
sulbactam
tazobactam

309
Q

organisms not covered in cephalospoins 1-4

A

listeria
atypicals
MRSA
Enterococci

310
Q

ABX prior to surgery

A

cefazolin

311
Q

ceftazidime

A

pseudomonas coverage

312
Q

adverse cephalosporins

A

disulfiram like reaction

vitamin K def

313
Q

cilastin

A

inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase I

314
Q

decrease risk of seizures carapenem

A

meropenem

315
Q

MOA aztreonam

A

binds BPB3

synergistic with aminogylcosides

316
Q

prevent red man

A

antihistamines

317
Q

resistance to van

A

d-ala to d-lac

318
Q

ABX cause neuromuscular blockade

A

aminoglycosides

319
Q

resistance to aminoglycosides

A

acetylation, phosphorlation, adenylation

320
Q

tigecycline MOA

A

binds 30S

321
Q

gray baby

A

lack UDP-glucuronyltransferase

322
Q

resistance to chloramphenicol

A

plasmid encoded acetyltransferase

323
Q

resistance to macrolides

A

methylation of 23s rRNA

324
Q

macrolides inhibit p450

A

clarithromycin

erythromycin

325
Q

MOA sulfonamides

A

inhibit dihdropteroate synthase

326
Q

MOA trimethoprim

A

inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase

327
Q

FQN inhibit p450

A

cipro

328
Q

resistance to FQN

A

mutation in gyrase, plasmid resistance, efflux pumps

329
Q

delay resistance to dapsone in leprosy

A

rifamycins

330
Q

rifabutin

A

less p450 stimulation

331
Q

formation of active metabolite isoniazie

A

catalase peroxidase (KatG)

332
Q

pyrazinamide

A

acidic pH

results in hyperuricmia

333
Q

blocking arabinosyltransferase

A

ethambutol

334
Q

prophylaxis exposure to syphilis

A

benzathine penicillin G

335
Q

use colistin

A

multidrug resistant pseudomonas and acinetobacter

336
Q

supplement with ampho

A

K and Mg

337
Q

adverse flucytosine

A

bone marrow suppression

338
Q

gynecomastia from azole

A

ketoconazole

339
Q

neuronal membrane depolarization via Na

A

permethrin

340
Q

AchE inhibitor

A

malathione

341
Q

blocks GABA

A

lindane

leads to neurotoxicity

342
Q

blocks detox heme into hemozoin

A

chloroquine

343
Q

inhibit neuraminidase

A

oseltamivir

344
Q

drug for zoster

A

famciclovir

345
Q

adverse acyclovir

A

obstructive crystalline nephropathy

346
Q

MOA ganciclovir

A

5’ monophosphate guanosine analog that inhibits DNAP

347
Q

foscarnet

A

DNA/RNAP inhibitor

does not require activation

348
Q

cidofovir

A

inhibits viral DNAP, does not require phosphorylation by viral kinase

349
Q

adverse cidofovir

A

nephrotoxicity

350
Q

preferential HIV treatment

A

2 NRTIs and an integrase inhibitor

351
Q

NRTI pancreatitis

A

didanosine

352
Q

abacavir

A

hypersensitivity in B5701

353
Q

do not require phosphorylation

A

delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine

354
Q

vivid dreams

A

efavirenz

355
Q

contraindicated NNRTI in pregnancy

A

delavirdine and efavirenz

356
Q

ritonavir

A

boost other drug concentrations by inhibiting p450

357
Q

adverse indinavir

A

nephropathy, hematuria, thrombocytopenia

358
Q

uses IFN alpha

A

hep B, C, kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, condyloma acuminatum, RCC, malignant melanoma

359
Q

uses IFN-beta

A

MS

360
Q

use IFN-gamma

A

chronic granulomatous disease

361
Q

MOA ribavirin

A

inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase

362
Q

adverse ribavirin

A

hemolytic anemia

363
Q

sofosbuvir

A

inhibits RNA dependent RNAP

364
Q

simeprevir

A

HCV protease inhibitor

causes photosensitivity

365
Q

ledipasvir

A

NS5A inhibitor

366
Q

chlorhexidine

A

denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes

367
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

sporicidal

368
Q

iodine and iodophors

A

halogenation of RNA, DNA, and proteins

may be sporicidal

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