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Step One > Neuro Random > Flashcards

Neuro Random Flashcards

1
Q

notochord

A

induce ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm

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2
Q

neural plate

A

becomes neural tube and neural crest cells

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3
Q

notochord

A

nucleus pulposus

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4
Q

alar

A

dorsal sensory

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5
Q

basal

A

ventral motor

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6
Q

forebrain

A 
becomes telencephalon
 and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
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7
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon becomes midprain

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8
Q

hindbrain

A

metencephalon becomes pons and cerebellum

myelencephalon becomes medulla

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9
Q

mesoderm in the CNS

A

microglia

like macrophages

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10
Q

neural crest derivatives in CNS

A

PNS neurons and Schwann cells

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11
Q

neural tube defects

A

diabetes

increase AFP and increase AChE

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12
Q

polyhydraminos

A

anencephaly

no swallowing center failure of rostral to close

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13
Q

genetics holoprosencephaly

A

failure L/R separation
hedgehog
ch 13 and fetal alcohol syndrome

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14
Q

chiari I vs chiari II

A

tonsils in 1-adult onset, associated with syringomyelia

tonsils and vermis-hydrocephalus and lumbosacral meningomyelocele

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15
Q

associations dandy walker

A

agenesis of cerebellar vermis

noncommunicating hydrocephalus and spina bifida

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16
Q

preserved in syringomyelia

A

fine touch

most common C8-T1

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17
Q

Nissl staining in neurons

A

stains RER (no RER in axon)

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18
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

degeneration of axon distal to injury and retraction proximally
macrophages remove debris and myelin

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19
Q

astrocytes

A

from neuroectoderm
GFAP+
functions as extracellular buffer for K and removes excess NT

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20
Q

velocity from myelin

A

increase velocity due to increase space constant

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21
Q

Schwann cell origin

A

neural crest

myelinates 1 axon

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22
Q

Meissner

A

fine touch

found in hairless skin

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23
Q

Pacinian

A

deep skin and ligaments

vibration and pressuer

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24
Q

Merkel

A

pressure, position sense

on finger tips

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25
Q

Ruffini

A

adapts slowly

on finger tips and joints

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26
Q

blood nerve permeability barrier

A

perineurium

must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

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27
Q

chromatolysis

A

reaction of neuronal cell body
increase protein synthesis in effort to repair axon damage
round cellular swelling, displacement of nucleus, dispersion of nissl

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28
Q

ach

A

from basal nucleus of meynert

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29
Q

dopa

A

ventral tegmentum and SNc

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30
Q

GABA

A

nucleus accumbens

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31
Q

NE

A

locus ceruleus

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32
Q

serotonin

A

Raphe nucleus

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33
Q

meninges origin

A

dura-mesoderm

others from neural crest

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34
Q

structures formation of BBB

A

tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
BM
astrocyte foot processes

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35
Q

transporters BBB

A

glucose and AA by carier mediated

nonpolar/lipid soluble pass rapidly

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36
Q

inputs to hypothalamus

A

not protected by BBB
OVLT senses change in osmolarity
area postrema

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37
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

hunger, stimulated by ghreLin

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38
Q

ventromedial

A

satIety from leptIn

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39
Q

anterior

A

cooling para

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40
Q

posterior

A

heating symp

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41
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

A

ADH and oxytocin

carried by neurophysin to PP

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42
Q

benzos and night terrors

A

decrease N3 and REM

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43
Q

ECG stages

A

beta, alpha, theta, sleep spindles, delta, beta

BATS DB

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44
Q

bruxism

A

teeth grinding in N2 along with sleep spindles and K complexes

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45
Q

night terrors and sleep walking

A

N3 delta waves lowest frequency and highest amplitude

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46
Q

source of REM

A

PPRF

occurs every 90 min and duration increases through night

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47
Q

VPL

A

senses vibration, pain, pressure, proprioception, light touch, temp

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48
Q

VPM

A

face and taste

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49
Q

lateral geniculate

A

vision

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50
Q

medial geniculate

A

music

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51
Q

Papez circuit

A

hippocampus, mamillary bodies, anterior thalamic, cingulate cyrus

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52
Q

mesolimbic

A

positive symptoms

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53
Q

mesocrotical

A

negative symptoms

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54
Q

nigrostriatal

A

EPS

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55
Q

tuberoinfundibular

A

prolactin

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56
Q

input cerebellum

A

contralateral cortex

ipsi proprio via inferior cerebellar peduncle

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57
Q

output cerebellum

A

purkinje-inhibitory

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58
Q

striatum

A

putamen and caudate

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59
Q

lentiform

A

putamen and GP

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60
Q

excitatory pathway

A

striatum release GABA inhibits Gpi

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61
Q

inhibitory pathway

A

release GABA to disinhibit Gpe and stimulate GPi

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62
Q

D1 vs D2

A

D1 in direct stimulatory

D2 in inhibitory

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63
Q

cerebral perfusion

A

PCo2
relies on diff between MAP and ICP
can use hyperventilation to treat edema (decrease ICP increase perfusion)

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64
Q

associations dural venous thrombosis

A

hypercoag-pregnancy OCP and factor V leiden

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65
Q

CSF production

A

ependymal cells of choroid

reabsorbed at arachnoid and drain into dural venous sinuses

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66
Q

CN origins

A

above pons-I, II, III, IV
at pons-V, VI, VII, VIII
medulla-9-12

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67
Q

nucleus solitarius

A

visceral sensory (7,9,10)

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68
Q

nucleus ambiguus

A

motor 9,10,11

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69
Q

dorsal motor nucleus

A

parasymp to heart, lungs, upper GI

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70
Q

lacrimation reflex

A

Vi to VII

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71
Q

vertebral disc herniation

A

nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrous

usually posterolaterally at L4-L5 or L5-S1 and compresses lower number

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72
Q

lower extent spinal cord

A

L1-L2 in adults, subarachnoid extends to S2

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73
Q

lateral corticospinal

A

legs are lateral

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74
Q

dorsal orgaization

A

cervical outside (lateral)
gracilis lower
cuneatus upper
decussates in medilla

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75
Q

spinothalamic

A

decussates at anterior white commissure

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76
Q

cremasteric reflex

A

L1, L2

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77
Q

anal wink

A

S3, S4

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78
Q

T7

A

xiphoid process

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79
Q

L1

A

inguinal ligament

80
Q

referred pain to shoulder

A

gallbaldder and pancreas

81
Q

frontal fields defect

A

look toward lesion

82
Q

paramedian pontine reticualr formatino defect

A

away from lesion

83
Q

dominant parietal cortex defect

A

Gerstmann syndrome

agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

84
Q

amygdala defect

A

kluver-bucy disinhibited behavior

HSV-1 related

85
Q

superior colliculus defect

A

parinaud syndrome
paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze
results from stroke, pinealoma, and hydrocephalus

86
Q

associations subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

rupture of aneurysm (such as saccular) or AV malformation
bloody or yellow spinal tap
nimodipine to prevnet vasospasm

87
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

systemic HTN and amyloid, vasculitis

typically in basal ganglia and internal capsule (Charcot-Bouchard microaneuysm of lenticulostriate vessels)

88
Q

ASA stroke

A

ipsi hypoglossal dysfunction

contralateral paralysis

89
Q

PICA

A

ipsi horner

cant eat

90
Q

lateral pontine

A

facial nucleus loss from AICA

91
Q

conduction aphasai

A

loss of arcuate fasciculus

92
Q

associations saccular aneurysm

A

at bifurcations of circle of Willis-most common Acom and ACA

ADPKD and Ehlers-Danlos

93
Q

Absence

A

3Hz spike and wave

94
Q

tonic

A

stiffening

95
Q

myoclonic

A

quick, repetitive jerks

96
Q

irritation in migraine

A

of CN V, meninges or blood vessels

release substance P, calcitonine gene related peptide, vasoactive peptides

97
Q

athetosis

A

slow snake like writhing

especially in fingers from basal ganglia lesion

98
Q

hemiballismus

A

contralateral subthalamic nucleus

sudden wild flailing of one arm and leg

99
Q

intention tremor

A

cerebellar dysfunction

100
Q

MPTP

A

illegal drug that causes parkinsonian symptoms

101
Q

lewy bodies

A

alpha synuclein are intracellular eosinophilic inclusions

102
Q

trinucleotide huntington

A

CAG

103
Q

senile plaques

A

beta amyloid core

104
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein

number correlates with dementia

105
Q

frontotemporal dementia

A

hyperphosphorylated tau or ubiquitinated TDP-43

106
Q

diagnosis creutzfeldt jakob

A

sharp waves on EEG

increase 14-3-3 protein in CSF

107
Q

associations pseudotumor cerebri

A

vitamin A excess, tetracycline, danazol, female, obesity

108
Q

distortion in normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

distorts fibers of corona radiata

magnetic gait

109
Q

location demyelination

A

pontine white matter
from rapid correction of hyponatremia
correct hyper-edema

110
Q

findings MS

A

increase IgG and myelin in CSF

periventricular plaques

111
Q

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

A

multifocal inflammation after infection

112
Q

charcot-marie-tooth

A

defective proteins in structure of myelin

leads to foot deformities, lower extremity weakness

113
Q

Krabbe disease

A

AR def galactocerebroside
buildup galactocerebroside and psychosine
globoid cells and optic atrophy

114
Q

metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

AR arylsulfatase A def
buildup of sulfatides
ataxia and dementia

115
Q

increased risk PML

A

natalizumab and rituximab

116
Q

adrenoleukodystrophy

A

X linked disorder of VLCFA

adrenal crisis, also builds up in NS and testes

117
Q

cause Sturge-Weber

A

anomaly of neural crest derivatives

somatic mosaicism GNAQ gene

118
Q

symptoms Sturge-Weber

A

port wine stain
ipsi letpomeningeal angioma
glaucoma

119
Q

chromosome tuberous sclerosis

A

ch 16 AD

120
Q

symptoms tuberous sclerosis

A

hamartomas, angiofibromas, mitral regurg, ash-leaf spots, rhabdomyoma, seizures, shagreen patches
increased giant cell astrocytomas and ungual fibromas

121
Q

NF1

A

17 neurofibromin negative regulator RAS

Cafe-au-lait, neurofibromas, gliomas, pheo, pigmented iris hamartomas

122
Q

NF2

A

schwannomas, cataracts, meningiomas, ependymomas

123
Q

VHL

A

ch 3

hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas

124
Q

histology GBM

A

GFAP+

pseudopalisading with central area of necrosis and hemorrhage

125
Q

histology oligodendroglioma

A

chicken-wire
fried-egg
often calcified

126
Q

histology meningioma

A

arachnoid cell origin
spindle cells whorled pattern, psammoma
may have dural attachment

127
Q

brain tumor making EPO

A

hemangioblastoma

128
Q

s-100+

A

schwannoma

129
Q

histology pilocytic astrocytoma

A

GFAP glial cell

rosenthal fibers

130
Q

histology medulloblastoma

A

primitive neuroectodermal tumor
homer-wright rosettes
non-communicating hydrocephalus
drop mets

131
Q

histology ependymoma

A

hydrocephalus

perivascular rosettes

132
Q

pinealoma in men

A

precocious puberty due to beta-hCG

133
Q

duret hemorrhages

A

rupture of paramedian basilar artery branches in transtentorial herniation

134
Q

poliomyelitis and Werdnig-Hoffmann

A

degeneration of anterior horns of spinal
floppy body
polio-asymmetric Werdnig-symmetric

135
Q

ALS

A

UMN and LMN with no sensory or bladder deficits

can be caused by superoxide dismutase 1 dedfect

136
Q

degeneration in vitamin B12

A

SCD

spinocerebellar, lateral corticospinal, dorsal columns

137
Q

cauda equina

A

compression spinal roots from L2

138
Q

brown-sequard at T1

A

ipsi horner
ipsi LMN and loss at level
UMN below and ipsi loss proprioception, contra pain, temp, crude touch

139
Q

genetics friedreich atacia

A

GAA on ch 9

associated with DM and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, kyphoscoliosis in childhood

140
Q

CN V def

A

toward lesion

141
Q

CN X

A

away from lesion

142
Q

CN XI

A

shoulder droop on side of lesion

head turned to contra of lesion

143
Q

causes Bell Palsy

A

lyme, HSV, sarcoidosis, DM

144
Q

Weber test

A

conductive to affected

sensorineural to unaffected

145
Q

noise-induced death

A

damage to stereociliated cells in organ of Corti

loss of high frequency

146
Q

presbycusis

A

damage to hair at cochlear base

147
Q

cholesteatoma

A

overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris

conductive hearing loss

148
Q

conjunctivitis and preauridcular lymph node

A

viral etiology often adenovirus

149
Q

hyperopia

A

eye too short

correct with convex

150
Q

myopia

A

too long

concave

151
Q

presbyopia

A

from decreased strength of ciliary muscle

152
Q

cataracts in children

A

galactosemia, galactokinase, trisomies, ToRCHeS, Marfan, Alport, NF2, myotonic

153
Q

trabecular outflow

A

M3 increases

154
Q

uveoscleral outflow

A

increase with PG agonists

155
Q

aqueous humor

A

nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary

decreased by BB, A2 agonists, CA inhibitors

156
Q

cupping (thinning of outer rim of optic nerve head)

A

glaucoma

157
Q

dry macular degeneration

A

yellow exudate between bruch membrane and retinal pigment

158
Q

wet macular degeneration

A

rapid loss from neovascularization

treat with anti-vegf (ranibizumab)

159
Q

neurons in miosis

A

EW first neuron

short ciliary to sphincter pupillae

160
Q

meyer loop

A

lower retina loops around inferior horn of lateral ventricle
upper is out

161
Q

dorsal optic radiation

A

superior retina
shortest path via internal capsule
lower is out

162
Q

causes of cavernous sinus

A

pituitary tumor, carotid cavernous fistula or cavernous sinus thrombosis

163
Q

DOC status epilepticus

A

benzos

164
Q

vigabatran

A

inhibits GABA transaminase

165
Q

inhibits release of glutamate

A

lamotrigine

166
Q

neuropsychiatric symptoms

A

levetiracetam

167
Q

contraindication barbs

A

porphyria

168
Q

benzos without active metabolites

A

alprazolam, triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam

short acting-more addictive potential

169
Q

metabolized outside liver

A

oxazepam, temazepam, lorazepam

170
Q

BZI subtype of GABA receptor

A

nonbenzo hypnotics

171
Q

suvorexant

A

orexin antagonist for insmnia

172
Q

dopamine agonists for parkinson

A

bromocriptine

pramipexole, ropinirole

173
Q

increase availability dopa

A

amantadine

174
Q

inhibit dopa carboxylase

A

levodopa

175
Q

inhibits COMT

A

entacapone, tolcapone

176
Q

memantine

A

NMDA receptor antagonist for Alz

177
Q

potency and solubility

A

directly related

inverse to MAC (potency =1/MAC)

178
Q

inhaled anesthetic hepatotoxic

A

halothane

179
Q

nephrotoxic

A

methoxyflurane

180
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

benzos

181
Q

cardio stimulant

A

ketamine

182
Q

amide local

A

two i’s

183
Q

cardiotoxic local

A

bupivacaine

184
Q

arrhythmia

A

cocaine

185
Q

methemoglobinemia

A

benzocaine

186
Q

block in phase I NM block

A

potentiated by cholinesterase inhibitors

187
Q

baclofen

A

GABAb activated

188
Q

mu opioid

A

beta endorphin

189
Q

gamma

A

enkephalin

190
Q

kappa

A

dynorphin

191
Q

no tolerance in opioid

A

to miosis and constipation

192
Q

petnazocine

A

kappa opioid receptor agonist

mu weak antagonist

193
Q

tramadol

A

weak opioid agonist

also inhibits 5HT and NE reuptake

194
Q

adverse tramadol

A

decrease seizure threshold and serotonin syndrome

195
Q

pilocarpine

A

in emergencies to open meshwork at canal of Schlemm

196
Q

darkens color of iris

A

prostaglandin

latanoprost

Step One (19 decks)

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