public health - medlearn

Question 1

health

Answer 1

a resource for everyday life, not the object of living

positive concept - emphasising social and personal resources as well as physical capacities

Question 2

public health

Answer 2

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

Question 3

what is health proportion

Answer 3

empowering people for health
enable people to increase control over and improve their health
improve control over determinants of health
social and political process
strengthen skills and capabilities of individuals
change the social, env and economic conditions to alleviate their impact on public and individual health

Question 4

what is involved in health promotion

Answer 4

clinical intervention
health education
health public policy
community development

Question 5

clinical intervention

Answer 5

biomedical

prevention

Question 6

health education

Answer 6

traditional health promotion

knowledge = attitudes = behaviour = practice

Question 7

health public policy

Answer 7

legal, fiscal, regulatory (HIA, European directive

Question 8

community development

Answer 8

radical individuals setting their own agenda

Question 9

how many levels of prevention are there

Answer 9

4

Question 10

primordial prevention

Answer 10

prevention of factors that prevent the emergence of lifestyles, behaviours, exposure patterns which contribute to increased risk of disease

Question 11

primary prevention

Answer 11

actions to prevent onset of disease 
limit exposure to risk factors 
individual behaviour change 
actions in community 
health promotion - health education and prescriptive diets 
specific protection - vaccination

Question 12

secondary prevention

Answer 12

halt progression when illness is already established
early detection
effective treatment
special consideration of asymptomatic individuals

Question 13

tertiary prevention

Answer 13

rehabilitation of people with established disease to minimise residual disability and complications
QOL action even if disease cannot be cured

Question 14

high risk prevention

Answer 14

identifying those in special need

then controlling exposure or provide protection against exposure - vaccination

Question 15

population prevention

Answer 15

recognition that occurrence of common conditions reflect behaviour and circumstances of society as a whole

Question 16

describe the prevention paradox

Answer 16

many people exposed to a small risk may generate more disease than the few exposed to a small risk
when many people receive a small benefit the total benefit may be large
individual inconvenience may be high to the many when benefit may inly be to a few

Question 17

strength of high risk approach

Answer 17

effective - high motivation 
efficient - cost effective
benefit:risk ratio is favourable 
appropriate to the individual 
easy to evaluate

Question 18

weakness of high risk approach

Answer 18

palliative and temporary - misses a large amount of disease
risk prediction - not accrate
limited potential - misses out on spill over of info
hard to change individual behaviours

Question 19

strength of population approach

Answer 19

equitable - attributable risk may be high where risk is low if a lot of people are exposed to the low risk
radical
large potential for the population
behaviourally appropriate

Question 20

weaknesses

Answer 20

small advantage to the individual
poor motivation of the subject
poor motivation of the physician
benefit:risk ratio worrisome

Question 21

where can health promotion operate

Answer 21

internationally
nationally - government, advertising, media
locally - GP, hospital, local authority, police, schools etc
individually- support groups, neighbourhood schemes, communities

Question 22

may impact at level of

Answer 22

population
community
individual

Question 23

smoking cessation and drs working with individuals

Answer 23

smoking cessation guidelines 
MI 
support for cessation 
prescription of nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion 
referral to specialist services

Question 24

broader health promotion of drs

Answer 24

advocacy eg higher taxds, NRT on prescription, ban on tabacco advertising, smoke free public and work places

Question 25

how do drs cause broad health promotion

Answer 25

write/speak to politicians (lobbying)
letters to the press- media advocacy
influencing decision makers

Question 26

wanless report

Answer 26

wanless 1 2 and 3
disease burden
fully engaged scenario
focus on prevention and wider determinants of health
cost effectiveness of actions to improve health and reduce inequalities

Question 27

Marmot review

Answer 27

give every child the best start to life
enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their life
create fair employment and good work for all
ensure healthy standard of living for all
create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities
strengthen the role and impact of ill health prevention

Question 28

key public health programs

Answer 28

smoking cessation
alcohol harm reduction strategy 
sexual health - national chlamidyia screening program 
tackling teenage pregnancy 
tackling obesity 
immunisation programs