non-infectious disease

Question 1

Commonest non-infectious cause of world mortality

Answer 1

ischemic heart disease
stroke 
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 
diabetes mellitus

Question 2

Cancer burden 2018

Answer 2

18.1 million new cases
9.6 million deaths
prevalence - 5 years - 43.8 persons
death lower than incidence - healthcare and education
better in certain areas - different mix of cancers

Question 3

5 leading cancers female

Answer 3

incidence: breast, colorectum, lung, cervix uteri, thyroid
mortality: breast, lung, colorectum, ccervix uteri, stomach
different order - some more fatal than others eg lung

Question 4

5 leading cancers in males

Answer 4

incidence: lung, prostate, colorectum, stomach, liver
mortality: lung, liver, stomach, colorectum, prostate
lung and liver higher in men - more smoking and drinking

Question 5

5 leading cancers with high development index (HDI)

Answer 5

incidence: breast, colorectum, lung, prostate, bladder
mortality: lung, colorectum, pancreas (fatal even though low incidence), breast, stomach

Question 6

5 leading cancers LDI

Answer 6

incidence: breast, cervix uteri, prostate, colorectum, liver
mortality: cervix uteri, breast, liver, prostate, colorectum

Question 7

describe the cancer transition

Answer 7

from stomach (H. pylori) cervix (HPV) and liver (HBV, and HCV)
to lung, pancreas (smoking) colorectum (development) breast (diet and fertility)

Question 8

difference in cancer mortality between countries

Answer 8

different alcohol and smoking - English speaking binge drink more

Question 9

Burden of stomach cancer

Answer 9

decreasing

general hygiene and better fridges

Question 10

burden of breast cancer

Answer 10

decreasing

improved treatment and detection

Question 11

incidence of cervical cancer

Answer 11

rapidly decreased in high income

Question 12

causes of cancer

Answer 12

smoking
low fruit and veg
alcohol
unsafe sex
obestity
physical inactivity
contaminated infections in healthcare 
urban air pollution
indoor smoke from household solid food use

Question 13

cancer due to infection

Answer 13

mainly lung
more in developing countries
in 2012 most cancer not attributal to infection

Question 14

Trends in CVD

Answer 14

double in heart disease from 1931 - 1942 because of lifestyle
1950 - 2010: men higher rate than women, expect to go up because of aging population
Russia: high alcohol consumption
2000 mortality: male rate double female, 6 fold difference across Europe
peak later in death rates in Europe than USA
Japan rate lower by 1/3 - genetics and diet - move take on rate of other place

Question 15

Risk factors for CVD

Answer 15

sanitation and living conditions
air pollution, noise, extreme temperature lack of green space 
low socioeconomic status
physical inactivity
smoking 
alcohol infections 
processed meat, salt, trans fat 
no fruit/veg, fibre, whole grain
high Bp, diabetes, thrombosis and inflammation
high BMI
high serum cholesterol

Question 16

world obesity trends

Answer 16

1990-2005: 45% increase in prevalence of obesity

Question 17

world diabetes trend

Answer 17

3/4 fold increase 1990-2014

Question 18

which risk factors for CVD are getting worse

Answer 18

obesity
diabetes
less physical activity

Question 19

epidemiological transition

Answer 19

Change from communicable diseases - chronic eg cancer and cardiovascular disease
rise in death from cancer because of aging population
survive childbirth - likely to die of chronic disease