Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a levels - history, psychology, literature > 🧠psychology - schizophrenia > Flashcards

🧠psychology - schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

A chronic, severe mental disorder characterised by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Disorganised thought
  • Experiences of influence, passivity, and control
  • Grossly disorganised behavior
  • Psychomotor disturbances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • Avolition
  • Flattened effect
  • Impaired cognitive function
  • Alogia
  • Anhedonia
  • Asociality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

According to the ICD 11, what are the core symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Persistent delusions
  • Persistent hallucinations
  • Thought disorder
  • Experiences of influence, passivity, and control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

According to the ICD 11, what conditions are needed for a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be made?

A
  • Persisted for at least one month
  • Not a manifestation of another health condition
  • Not a result of a substance on the CNS, or withdrawal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a delusion?

A

A fixed belief that is not amendable to change in light of conflicting evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of delusions?

A
  1. Persecutory
  2. Grandiose
  3. Referential
  4. Somatic
  5. Nihilistic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a persecutory delusion?

A

A belief that one is going to be harmed or harassed by an individual, organisation, or other group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a grandiose delusion?

A

When an individual believes that they have exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a referential delusion?

A

A belief that certain gestures, comments, or environmental cues are directed at oneself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a somatic delusion?

A

Somatic preoccupations regarding health and organ functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a nihilistic delusion?

A

A belief that involves the conviction that a major catastrophe will occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is bizarre delusion?

A

A delusion that is clearly implausable and not understandable to same culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a hallucination?

A

A perception-like experience that occurs without an external stimulus - vivid and clear, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions, not under voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the types of hallucinations?

A
  1. Auditory
  2. Visual
  3. Tactile
  4. Olfactory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the types of disorganised thinking/speech?

A
  1. Derailment / loose associations
  2. Word salad / incoherence
  3. Neologism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is derailment / loose associations?

A

When an individual swithces from one topic to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is word salad / incoherence?

A

When speech is so severely disorganised that it is nearly incomprehensible and resembles repetitive aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is neologism, as a symptom of schizophrenia?

A

A neologism is a new word that is coined by a person affected with schizophrenia that is meaningless to everyone except the coineer - usually a combination of two existing words or a distortion of an existing word.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most common type of grossly disorganised behavior?

A

Catatonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the types of catatonic behavior?

A
  1. Negativism
  2. Mutism
  3. Catatonic stupor
  4. Catalepsy
  5. Wavy flexibility
  6. Catatonic excitement
  7. Echolalia
  8. Echopraxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define

Negativism

A

Little or no response to instructions or external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define

Mutism

A

Complete lack of verbal responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define

Catatonic stupor

A

Maintaining a rigid, inappropriate, or bizarre posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
# Define Wavy flexibility
If a clinician places the patient's arm in one position, they maintain it in that position until it is moved again
26
# Define Catatonic excitement
Purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause
27
# Define Echolalia
Repeating someone's speech
28
# Define Echopraxia
Mimicking someone's actions
29
What is flattened effect?
Reduction of the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech and movements in the hand, head and face which normally give an emotional emphasis on speech
30
What is avolition?
Decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities
31
What is alogia?
Diminished speech output
32
What is anhedonia?
The decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli or a degradation in the recollection of pleasure previously experienced
33
What is asociality?
Lack of interest in social interactions and may be associated with avolition
34
What was the aim of Freeman et al?
- To investigate whether participants without a history of mental illness have thoughts of persecutory nature in virtual reality - To investigate if there are cognitive or emotional factors predicting the likelihood of persecutory ideation in VR
35
What was the hypothesis of Freeman et al?
A small number of participants would have thoughts of a persecutory nature in VR and these individuals will have higher levels of emotional distress and paranoia
36
# Freeman et al What was the split of type of person in the sample?
21 students 3 administrative staff
37
# Freeman et al What was the split of gender in the sample?
12 males 12 females
38
# Freeman et al How, and from where, were participants sampled?
Advertising within university college London.
39
# Freeman et al What was the average participant age?
26 years
40
# Freeman et al What was the criteria of participant selection?
No history of mental illness
41
# Freeman et al What was the research method?
Lab experiment
42
# Freeman et al Was consent obtained?
Yes, but aim of the study withheld
43
# Freeman et al How long were participants in the VR environment?
5 minutes
44
# Freeman et al Describe the distribution of the avatars
5 avatars; 3 at one desk, 2 at another desk on the other side of the room
45
# Freeman et al What sort of behavior did the avatars show?
Ambiguous behavior
46
# Freeman et al How was the study counterbalanced?
Half the participants completed questionnaires after, the other half did so before
47
# Freeman et al What characteristic was keptt equal in both conditions?
Gender
48
# Freeman et al What did all participants complete *after* the VR environment?
Short semi-structured interview
49
# Freeman et al BSI stands for
Brief Symptom Inventory
50
# Freeman et al What is the BSI a short form of?
SCL-90-R
51
# Freeman et al How many items, and how many measures, did the BSI have?
53 items 9 symptom dimensions
52
# Freeman et al What did the BSI measure?
The following dimensions over the past 7 days: - Somatization - Obsessive-Compulsive - Interpersonal Sensitivity - Depression - Anxiety - Hostility - Phobic Anxiety - Paranoid Ideation - Psychoticism
53
# Freeman et al How many items was the Paranoia Scale?
20 items
54
# Freeman et al What was the Paranoia Scale developed for?
To measure paranoia in college students
55
# Freeman et al What two ideas did the paranoia scale asess?
Persecution and Reference
56
# Freeman et al What scale was used for the Paranoia Scale?
5 point scale
57
# Freeman et al How much could paranoia scale scores vary?
20 to 100
58
# Freeman et al What did a higher paranoia scale score show?
Greater paranoid ideation
59
# Freeman et al How many items was the Spielberger State Anxiety Questionnaire?
20 item
60
# Freeman et al What did the Spielberger State Anxiety Questionnaire measure?
State Anxiety
61
# Freeman et al What was the scale used in the Spielberger State Anxiety Questionnaire?
1-4 scale
62
# Freeman et al What was the range of scores in the Spielberger State Anxiety Questionnaire?
20-80
63
# Freeman et al What did higher scores in the Spielbergfer State Anxiety Questionnaire show?
Higher levels of Anxiety
64
# Freeman et al How many items was the VR Paranoia questionnaire?
15 items
65
# Freeman et al What was the VR Paranoia questionnaire used for?
To assess the participants' views of the avatars
66
# Freeman et al What areas were assessed in the VR Paranoia questionnaire?
- Sense of "being there" in the environment on the computer displays - Sense of having visited a place rather than just having seen images - The extent to which the virtual world dominated behavior relative to the virtual world rather than the real world
67
# Freeman et al How many questions in the sense of presence questionnaire?
6
68
# Freeman et al What rating scale was used in the VR presence questionnaire, and what did the total score show?
Scale of 1-7 Higher numbers: greater reported presence
69
# Freeman et al How was the VR presence scale scored?
Score of 6 or 7: coded as 1 Else, coded as 0
70
# Freeman et al VR presence questionnaire: range of scores
0 to 6
71
# Freeman et al What was the purpose of the semi-structured interview?
- To hear spontaneous impressions of VR environment - To give opportunity for participants to report distress
72
# Freeman et al How was content analysis done on the semi-structured interview?
- Videotaped - Rated for persecutory content on a 6 point scale by the first author, a clinical psychogist experienced in assessing persecutory delusions
73
# Freeman et al What was the mean BSI score?
56.2
74
# Freeman et al What did the BSI score correlate with?
Tendency for higher VR persecution score to associate with higher BSI paranoia scores - BSI - interpersonal sensitivity and BSI - anxiety were associated with higher levels of persecutory ideation in VR
75
# Freeman et al What was the mean Paranoia scale score?
31.8
76
# Freeman et al What was the difference between males and females in the Paranoia scale results?
No significant difference
77
# Freeman et al Pretest anxiety mean score vs Posttest anxiety mean score
Pre-test: 34.79. Post-test: 31.82. No evidence of increase by VR environment
78
# Freeman et al Correlation of VR Persecution with VR Reference scores
Significant, r=0.48
79
# Freeman et al Correlation of persecutory ideation from recorded interviews with VR persecution scores
Significant, r=0.591
80
# Freeman et al Difference in VR persecution scores between males and females, and before and after task
None
81
# Freeman et al Sense of presence: minimum and maximum score
0-6
82
# Freeman et al Sense of presence questionnaire: mean
2.3
83
# Freeman et al Conclusions
- People attribute mental states to VR characters - Vulnerability partly arises from anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity
84
Genetic model for schizophrenia states...
It is as a result of genetic phenomena such as inheritance.
85
What was the family study in the genetic explanation for schizophrenia?
Gottesman (1991)
86
Findings of Gottesman | General
- Closer the genetic relationship between two, the higher the chance that if one is diagnosed with a psychosis such as schizophrenia, the higher the other is also diagnosed - Concordance rates not 100% so environment must also play role
87
Results of Gottesman | Quantitative
Likelihood of developing SZ: 1% in general population but 48% with identical twins; one with SZ
88
What have we not found it the genetic explanation for SZ?
Specific chromosome
89
What was the adoption study in the genetic SZ explanation?
Kety et al (1962) Tienari et al (2000)
90
Findings of Kety et al
Strong link between genes and SZ because adopted children who's mother was schizophrenic had higher change of developing SZ
91
Qualitative results of Tienari et al
Schizophrenia in 6.7% of adoptees with biological mother with SZ, compared to 4% in control
92
What is the twin study for the genetic explanation for schizophrenia?
Cardno et al (1999) Hilker et al (2017)
93
Findings of Cardno et al, quanti
Using the Maudsley Twin Register, London... - 40% concordance in MZ twins - 5.3% in DZ twins
94
Hilker et al - sample
30,000 twin pairs in Denmark using Danish Twin Register and Danish Psychiatric Central Research Centre
95
Hilker et al - quantitative result
79% heritability of SZ
96
Study for Drug Treatment of SZ
Barlow & Durand (1995)
97
Result of Barlow and Durand
Chloropromazine reduces SZ symptoms in 60% of cases
98
Postmortem study for SZ
Wise et al (1974)
99
Findings of Wise et al
Brain fluid from deceased patients had abnormally low amounts of enzyme breaking down dopamine
100
Study for cognitive explanation of SZ
Frith (1992) | study seperately
101
Examples of tratditional antipsychotics
Chloroproazine and Haloperidol
102
Examples of atypical antipsychotics
Risperdal and Seroquel
103
What did Rzewuska (2002) find?
Symptoms of SZ often reappear when patients terminate drug therapy
104
Study for CBT as SZ treatment
Sensky et al (2000)
105
# Sensky et al Sample
90 patients | Various UK clinics
106
# Sensky et al Age range
16-60
107
# Sensky et al Mean treatment sessions
19
108
# Sensky et al Duration
9 months
109
# Sensky et al Design
Independent measures, random allocation
110
# Sensky et al Who delivered intervention?
Two experienced nurses
111
# Sensky et al What were the two groups?
Befriending group CBT group
112
113
What was the schizophrenia case study?
Aneja et al
114
# Aneja et al Case study 1: participant
- 14 y/o boy - Educated till class 6 - Middle socioeconomic status family - Urban area
115
# Aneja et al Case study 1: complaints
- Academic decline since 3 years - Hearing voices for 2 years
116
# Aneja et al Case study 1: Family background
- Nonconsanguineous marriage - Aggressive behavior of father, abusive - Divorce at age 10
117
# Aneja et al Case study 1: when did academic decline start?
When moving to maternal grandmas' home, changing school
118
# Aneja et al Case study 1: complaints from school
- Child was in fist fights, undesirable behavior - Preference of solitary activity - Resentment to eat with family - Decline in performance of daily routine
119
# Aneja et al Case study 1: Initial treatment
Sodiu Valproate, 400 mg/ day
120
# Aneja et al Case study 1: after initial medications stop
- Hearing voices in next year - Voices fulfil dimensions of commanding type of auditory hallucinations - Suspecting that family members including mother collude with unknown persons - Dropping out of school - Awake at night muttering to self
121
# Aneja et al Case study 1: second treatment
Treated inpatient for 2 weeks with risperidone 3 mg, olanzapine 2.5mg, oxcarbazepine 300 mg/day
122
# Aneja et al Case study 1: why relapse?
Weight gain, relapse in 3 months
123
# Aneja et al Case study 1: participants' physical features
- Elongated face - Large ears
124
# Aneja et al Case study 1: final treatment
- 8 sessions of bilateral modified ECT - Aripiprazole 30 mg/day - Chloropromazine 600 mg/day - Divalproex 1000 mg/day - Trihexyphenidyl 4 mg/day - Activity Schedule - Occupational therapy
125

a levels - history, psychology, literature (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions