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a levels - history, psychology, literature > 🧠 psychology - :( > Flashcards

🧠 psychology - :( Flashcards

1
Q

Whats another word for mood disorder?

A

Affective disorder

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2
Q

Define mood disorder

A

Mental disorder characterisd by disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive

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3
Q

What are the two types of mood disorders?

A

Bipolar and depressive disorder

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4
Q

What are the primary types of mood episodes?

A

Depressive episodes, manic episodes, mixed episodes, hypomanic episodes

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5
Q

What are the two types of unipolar depression?

A

Single episode depressive disorder and Recurrent depressive disorder.

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6
Q

What is unipolar disorder?

A

Also known as clinical depression, it is depression that affects a person’s perfomance for a prolongued time.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of single episode depressive disorder?

A
  • Presence or history of one depressive episode, with no prior history
  • No manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes have occured
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of recurrent depressive disorder?

A
  • At least two depressive episodes seperated by at least several months without significant mood disturbance
  • No manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes have occured
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9
Q

What is a depressive episode?

A

A period of almost daily depressive mood / diminished interest in activities for at least 2 weeks

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10
Q

What are characteristics of a depressive episode?

A
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Feelings of worthlessness
  • Excessive guilt
  • Hopelessness
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
  • Changed in appetite and sleep
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Reduced energy or fatigue.
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11
Q

Item count of BDI

A

21 items

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12
Q

How many statements / item in BDI?

A

4

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13
Q

How do scores of the BDI correlate with severity?

A

10: minimum for mild mood disturbance
21-30: moderate depression
31+: severe depression

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14
Q

Davidson and Neale

A

Highlighted how certain drugs block reuptake of neurotransmitters so more can be used in postsynaptic neuron

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15
Q

McGuffin et al

A

214 pairs of twins: 46% MZ, 20% DZ have depression

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16
Q

Oruc et al sample

A

42 participants, 25F, 17M

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17
Q

Oruc et al

Age range

A

31-70

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18
Q

Oruc et al

Characteristic in all participants

A

Bipolar I

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19
Q

Oruc et al

How many had one first degree relative with major affective disorder

A

16/42

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20
Q

Oruc et al

Control group size

A

40

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21
Q

Oruc et al

Design

A

Matched pairs, with experimental on age and sex

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22
Q

Oruc et al

In what genes were polymorphisms tested for?

A

In serotonin recepto 2c in serotonin transporter 5 HTT

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23
Q

Oruc et al

Results

A

No significant associations in sample
- Those with bipolar not more likely to have polymorphisms
- Those with family history not more likely to have polymorphisms

Serotonin is sexually dimorphics: trends for association with both polymorphisms more common in women with bipolar than control

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24
Q

Seligman and Maier (1967)

A

Study involving dogs, administering electric shocks to feet
Two conditions:
- one where dog can jump
- one where shocks inescapable

Followup test next

You can guess what happened next :(

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25
# Seligman et al Aim
To investigate how explanatory syle could predict depressive symptoms
26
# Seligman et al Sample
39 Unipolar depressives, 12 bipolar, 10 control
27
# Seligman et al Mean age
36
28
# Seligman et al Questionnaires used and when
- Shortform BDI at start - Attributional Style Questionnaire at start of CBT and end of CBT one year later
29
# Seligman et al What did participants rate on a 7 point scale?
The following attributions: - Internality (Global / specific) - Stability (Stable / unstable) - Globality (Internal / external)
30
# Seligman et al Results
Both bipolar and unipolar participants had more pessimistic and negative attributional styles than control group - More permanent, More external Pessimistic explanatory style for negative effects correlated significantly with severity of depression at all time points Improvement after therapy
31
Examples of tricyclic antidepressants
Tofranil and Doxepin
32
Examples of MAOIs
Marplan, Emsam, Parnate
33
Examples of SSRIs
Prozac, Sertraline, Paroxetine
34
Palitative meaning
May numb symptoms but it is temporary
35
Beck et al: what did cognitive restructuring involve?
1. Identifying maladaptive cognitions 2. Modifying said cognitions 3. Assimilative adaptive cognitions
36
Bipolar I
An episodic mood disorder defined by the occurence of one or more manic or mixed episodes
37
What is a bipolar disorder
Episodic mood disorder defined by the occurence of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes or symptoms
38
Bipolar II
An episodic mood disorder defined by the occurence of one or more hypomanic episodes and at least one depressive episode.
39
What is a manic episode?
An extreme mood state lasting at least one week unless shortened by treatment, characterised by euphoria, irritability, or expansiveness, and by increased activity or a subjective experience of increased energy
40
What are the other characteristic symptoms of a manic episode?
- Rapid or pressured speech - Flight of ideas - Increased self esteem or grandiosity - Decreased need to sleep - Distractability - Impulsive or reckless behavior - Mood lability (changes in mood states rapidly)
41
What is a mixed episode
A mixture or very rapid alternation between prominent manic and depressive symptoms on most days during a period of at least 2 weeks
42
How is a hypomanic episode different from a manic one
- It is a persistent, not extreme mood state - Symptoms represent a change from typical behavior but are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning
43
What are the main neurotransmitters believed to be responsible for depression?
Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
44
Dopamine is responsible for...
feelings of pleasure and motivation
45
Serotonin is responsible for...
Regulating sleep and appetite and mood and anxiety
46
What are the biological explanations?
Genetic and Biochemical
47
What does Beck's cognitive triad contain?
3 things depressed people are illogically negative about: 1. Negative views of the self 2. Negative views of the world 3. Negative views of the future
48
According to Beck how may irrational thinking develop?
- Negative early life experiences - Overcritical parents, peers, teachers
49
What are 4 examples of logical errors?
- Magnification and Minimisation (magnify small bad events) - Selective abstraction (focusing on one insignificant detail) - Overgeneralisation (drawing global conclusions about worth on one fact) - Arbitary inference (drawing conclusing with no supporting evidence)
50
Learned helplessness
A person becoming so accustomed to negative situations that they eventually become passive and dont attempt to escape or avoid negativity
51
What do tricyclic antidepressants do?
Inhibit the brain's reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine thus increasing serotonin levels, as well as dopamine - partially
52
Side effects of tricyclic antidepressants
Weight gain, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate, dry mouth, sexual performance problems, abnormal heart rhythm, constipation
53
Whats the danger of tricyclic antideps?
Lethal in extreme circumstances
54
What do MAOIs do?
Inhibit the actions of monoamine oxidase enzyme, resulting in higher levels of serotonin and noradrenaline in the synapse. U see, MAOE breaks down norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
55
Whats the rist of MAOIs?
They may interact with other medication leading to side effects like high blood pressure headaches
56
Common side effects of MAOIs?
Weight gain, insomnia, dizziness, headaches, daytime sleepiness
57
What do SSRIs do
Act on serotonin by inhibiting its uptake. Fewer side effects
58
Benefit of SSRIs
Practically impossible to OD on
59
Side effects of SSRIs
Fatigue, weight loss / gain, insomnia, nausea, tremors, sweating, dizziness, headaches
60
Becks cognitive restructuring is a type of...
Talk therapy
61
What is the goal of Beck's cognitive restructuring?
To fix harmful negative thoughts and introduce a logical adaptive thinking style
62
Explain the process of Beck's therapy
1. Explain theory of depressive behavior (triad), allowing patient understanding 2. Patients trained to observe and record dysfunctional thoughts as homework
63
Who developed REBT
Albert Ellis
64
What does REBT stand for
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
65
Whats the ABC model for REBT
- A: Activating events which are difficult or undesirable happen - B: Beliefs aroudn these events may be rational or irrational - C: Consequences arise from our rational or irrational beliefs
66
Whats the DEF for challenging thought processes in REBT?
- D: Disputing irrational beliefs and thoughts - E: Effective, efficient belief and thought creation - F: Feeling better by incorporating these new rational beliefs and thoughts in response to activating events

a levels - history, psychology, literature (31 decks)

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