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a levels - history, psychology, literature > 🧠 psychology - :( > Flashcards

🧠 psychology - :( Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats another word for mood disorder?

A

Affective disorder

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2
Q

Define mood disorder

A

Mental disorder characterisd by disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive

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3
Q

What are the two types of mood disorders?

A

Bipolar and depressive disorder

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4
Q

What are the primary types of mood episodes?

A

Depressive episodes, manic episodes, mixed episodes, hypomanic episodes

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5
Q

What are the two types of unipolar depression?

A

Single episode depressive disorder and Recurrent depressive disorder.

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6
Q

What is unipolar disorder?

A

Also known as clinical depression, it is depression that affects a person’s perfomance for a prolongued time.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of single episode depressive disorder?

A
  • Presence or history of one depressive episode, with no prior history
  • No manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes have occured
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of recurrent depressive disorder?

A
  • At least two depressive episodes seperated by at least several months without significant mood disturbance
  • No manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes have occured
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9
Q

What is a depressive episode?

A

A period of almost daily depressive mood / diminished interest in activities for at least 2 weeks

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10
Q

What are characteristics of a depressive episode?

A
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Feelings of worthlessness
  • Excessive guilt
  • Hopelessness
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
  • Changed in appetite and sleep
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Reduced energy or fatigue.
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11
Q

Item count of BDI

A

21 items

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12
Q

How many statements / item in BDI?

A

4

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13
Q

How do scores of the BDI correlate with severity?

A

10: minimum for mild mood disturbance
21-30: moderate depression
31+: severe depression

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14
Q

Davidson and Neale

A

Highlighted how certain drugs block reuptake of neurotransmitters so more can be used in postsynaptic neuron

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15
Q

McGuffin et al

A

214 pairs of twins: 46% MZ, 20% DZ have depression

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16
Q

Oruc et al sample

A

42 participants, 25F, 17M

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17
Q

Oruc et al

Age range

A

31-70

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18
Q

Oruc et al

Characteristic in all participants

A

Bipolar I

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19
Q

Oruc et al

How many had one first degree relative with major affective disorder

A

16/42

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20
Q

Oruc et al

Control group size

A

40

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21
Q

Oruc et al

Design

A

Matched pairs, with experimental on age and sex

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22
Q

Oruc et al

In what genes were polymorphisms tested for?

A

In serotonin recepto 2c in serotonin transporter 5 HTT

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23
Q

Oruc et al

Results

A

No significant associations in sample
- Those with bipolar not more likely to have polymorphisms
- Those with family history not more likely to have polymorphisms

Serotonin is sexually dimorphics: trends for association with both polymorphisms more common in women with bipolar than control

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24
Q

Seligman and Maier (1967)

A

Study involving dogs, administering electric shocks to feet
Two conditions:
- one where dog can jump
- one where shocks inescapable

Followup test next

You can guess what happened next :(

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25
Q

Seligman et al

Aim

A

To investigate how explanatory syle could predict depressive symptoms

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26
Q

Seligman et al

Sample

A

39 Unipolar depressives, 12 bipolar, 10 control

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27
Q

Seligman et al

Mean age

A

36

28
Q

Seligman et al

Questionnaires used and when

A
  • Shortform BDI at start
  • Attributional Style Questionnaire at start of CBT and end of CBT one year later
29
Q

Seligman et al

What did participants rate on a 7 point scale?

A

The following attributions:
- Internality (Global / specific)
- Stability (Stable / unstable)
- Globality (Internal / external)

30
Q

Seligman et al

Results

A

Both bipolar and unipolar participants had more pessimistic and negative attributional styles than control group
- More permanent, More external

Pessimistic explanatory style for negative effects correlated significantly with severity of depression at all time points

Improvement after therapy

31
Q

Examples of tricyclic antidepressants

A

Tofranil and Doxepin

32
Q

Examples of MAOIs

A

Marplan, Emsam, Parnate

33
Q

Examples of SSRIs

A

Prozac, Sertraline, Paroxetine

34
Q

Palitative meaning

A

May numb symptoms but it is temporary

35
Q

Beck et al: what did cognitive restructuring involve?

A
  1. Identifying maladaptive cognitions
  2. Modifying said cognitions
  3. Assimilative adaptive cognitions
36
Q

Bipolar I

A

An episodic mood disorder defined by the occurence of one or more manic or mixed episodes

37
Q

What is a bipolar disorder

A

Episodic mood disorder defined by the occurence of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes or symptoms

38
Q

Bipolar II

A

An episodic mood disorder defined by the occurence of one or more hypomanic episodes and at least one depressive episode.

39
Q

What is a manic episode?

A

An extreme mood state lasting at least one week unless shortened by treatment, characterised by euphoria, irritability, or expansiveness, and by increased activity or a subjective experience of increased energy

40
Q

What are the other characteristic symptoms of a manic episode?

A
  • Rapid or pressured speech
  • Flight of ideas
  • Increased self esteem or grandiosity
  • Decreased need to sleep
  • Distractability
  • Impulsive or reckless behavior
  • Mood lability (changes in mood states rapidly)
41
Q

What is a mixed episode

A

A mixture or very rapid alternation between prominent manic and depressive symptoms on most days during a period of at least 2 weeks

42
Q

How is a hypomanic episode different from a manic one

A
  • It is a persistent, not extreme mood state
  • Symptoms represent a change from typical behavior but are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning
43
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters believed to be responsible for depression?

A

Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

44
Q

Dopamine is responsible for…

A

feelings of pleasure and motivation

45
Q

Serotonin is responsible for…

A

Regulating sleep and appetite and mood and anxiety

46
Q

What are the biological explanations?

A

Genetic and Biochemical

47
Q

What does Beck’s cognitive triad contain?

A

3 things depressed people are illogically negative about:
1. Negative views of the self
2. Negative views of the world
3. Negative views of the future

48
Q

According to Beck how may irrational thinking develop?

A
  • Negative early life experiences
  • Overcritical parents, peers, teachers
49
Q

What are 4 examples of logical errors?

A
  • Magnification and Minimisation (magnify small bad events)
  • Selective abstraction (focusing on one insignificant detail)
  • Overgeneralisation (drawing global conclusions about worth on one fact)
  • Arbitary inference (drawing conclusing with no supporting evidence)
50
Q

Learned helplessness

A

A person becoming so accustomed to negative situations that they eventually become passive and dont attempt to escape or avoid negativity

51
Q

What do tricyclic antidepressants do?

A

Inhibit the brain’s reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine thus increasing serotonin levels, as well as dopamine - partially

52
Q

Side effects of tricyclic antidepressants

A

Weight gain, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate, dry mouth, sexual performance problems, abnormal heart rhythm, constipation

53
Q

Whats the danger of tricyclic antideps?

A

Lethal in extreme circumstances

54
Q

What do MAOIs do?

A

Inhibit the actions of monoamine oxidase enzyme, resulting in higher levels of serotonin and noradrenaline in the synapse. U see, MAOE breaks down norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

55
Q

Whats the rist of MAOIs?

A

They may interact with other medication leading to side effects like high blood pressure headaches

56
Q

Common side effects of MAOIs?

A

Weight gain, insomnia, dizziness, headaches, daytime sleepiness

57
Q

What do SSRIs do

A

Act on serotonin by inhibiting its uptake. Fewer side effects

58
Q

Benefit of SSRIs

A

Practically impossible to OD on

59
Q

Side effects of SSRIs

A

Fatigue, weight loss / gain, insomnia, nausea, tremors, sweating, dizziness, headaches

60
Q

Becks cognitive restructuring is a type of…

A

Talk therapy

61
Q

What is the goal of Beck’s cognitive restructuring?

A

To fix harmful negative thoughts and introduce a logical adaptive thinking style

62
Q

Explain the process of Beck’s therapy

A
  1. Explain theory of depressive behavior (triad), allowing patient understanding
  2. Patients trained to observe and record dysfunctional thoughts as homework
63
Q

Who developed REBT

A

Albert Ellis

64
Q

What does REBT stand for

A

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

65
Q

Whats the ABC model for REBT

A
  • A: Activating events which are difficult or undesirable happen
  • B: Beliefs aroudn these events may be rational or irrational
  • C: Consequences arise from our rational or irrational beliefs
66
Q

Whats the DEF for challenging thought processes in REBT?

A
  • D: Disputing irrational beliefs and thoughts
  • E: Effective, efficient belief and thought creation
  • F: Feeling better by incorporating these new rational beliefs and thoughts in response to activating events

a levels - history, psychology, literature (27 decks)

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