🧠 psychology - piliavin et al Flashcards
How many participants were in Piliavin et al?
4450
What was the gender of the participants in Piliavin et al?
Men and women
What was the racial composition of Piliavin et al?
45% black, 55% white
What times did Piliavin et al take place in?
11am - 3pm
When was Piliavin et al?
April 15 - June 26 1968
What was the mean number of people in the critical area?
8.5
How many trials were conducted for Piliavin et al?
103
What was the lab experiment involving epileptic seizures that inspired Piliavin?
Darley and Latane (with a flick on the e)
What were the two victim types?
Drunk or ill
What were the two victim races?
Black or white
Where did Piliavin et al’s emergencies take place?
7 1/2 minute express run between the 59th Street and 125th street stations of the eighth avenue indpendent branch of new york subways
What was the mean number of people in the car in Piliavin?
45
Each team consisted of…
2 males and 2 females
- Females both recorders
- One male a model
- One male a victim
Where did the victim stand?
Next to a pole in the centre of the critical area
What was the average gender distribution in the critical area?
60%
When did the victim fall?
Approximately 70s after departure
How many trials were run a day?
6 to 8 trials
What were the victims’ ages?
Between 26 and 35
What did victims wear?
Eisenhower jackets, old slacks, no tie
How many drunk trials were conducted?
38
How many cane trials were conducted?
65
What did models wear?
Informal clothes (though not identically attired)
What were the four different model conditions?
-
Critical area - early - fourth station, model in critical area, 70s after collapse
2.Critical area - late - sixth station, model in critical area, 150s after collapse
3.Adjacent area - early - fourth station, model in adjacent area 70s
4.Adjacent area - late - fourth station, model in adjacent area 150s
What did observer 1 record?
- Race, sex location of every rider seated or standing in critical area
- Total no. of individuals in carriage and total assisters
- Race, sex, location of each helper
- & comments spontaneously made by nearby passengers, and elicited comments
What did observer 2 record?
- Race, sex, location of every rider seated or standing in adjacent area
- Latency of first helper’s arrival after victim’s fall / model’s arrival
- & comments spontaneously made by nearby passengers, and elicited comments
What is spontaneous help?
Help before the model acted
On how many trials did the cane victim receive spontaneous help?
On 62 out of 65 trials.
On how many trials did the drunk victim receive spontaneous help?
On 19 out of 38 trials
When comparing the latency of response between drunk and cane conditions, why were model trials not omitted (because one does not know how long it may have taken for a helper to arrive without the model)?
It would reduce the nummber of drunk trials dramatically: there were less drunk trials than cane trials
How was the issue of misleading drunk-cane latency comparisons avoided?
The trials were dichotomised into a group where someone was helped before 70 seconds, a group where people helped the model, and a group where noone helped.
How many spontaneous first helpers were there?
81
On what percentage of trials did the help-recieving victim recive help from more than one good Samaritan?
60%
How did the number of helpers subsequent to the first differ between black and white victims or cane and drunk victims?
It did not!
What percentage of spontaneous first helpers were male?
90%
What percentage of spontaneous first helpers were white?
64%
Does not differ significantly from 55% actual racial distribition
Describe results that support same-race helping
Out of 65 trials of spontaneous help to white victims, 68% helpers were also white.
On 16 trials where spontaneous help was given to black victims, 50% were white
This is slightly significant
In how many trials was the race of helper of a drunk victim the same as the victim?
16 out of 19
In how many trials was the race of the helper of a cane victim the same as the victim?
36 out of 62
How did the frequency of help differ in the critical area compared to the adjacent area?
It did not (8)
How did the frequency of help differ in the early condition compared to the late condition?
Slightly more (9 vs 7)
Describe how comments were distributed among trials?
- Far more comments on drunk trials
- More comments on trials where there was no help till after 70 seconds
What are some of the comments made by women?
- “It’s for men to help him”
- “I wish I could help him - I’m not strong enough”
- “I never saw this kind of thing before - I don’t know where to look”
- “You feel so bad that you don’t know where to look”
How was the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis tested?
Nonmodel trials were seperated into three groups depending on the number of males in the critical area, with mean and median latencies of reponse calculated for each group
What was the mean latency (seconds) of help for cane victims when there was 1-3 males in the critical area compared to 7+?
1-3: 15
7+: 9
What was the mean latency (seconds) of help for drunk victims when there was 1-3 males in the critical area compared to 7+?
1-3: 309
7+: 97
What were the conclusions?
- Ill-appearing individual is more likely to recieve aid than a drunk-appearing one
- Men are more likely to help a male victim than women, in mixed groups
- In mixed racial groups, there is some tendency for same race helping increased when a victim is drunk
- There is no strong relationship between number of bystanders and speed of helping
- The longer an emergency continues without help, the less impact of the modell on helping behavior, the more likely individuals leave the area, and the more likely observers discuss the individual
Describe the cost-reward model
- Emergency
- Heightened arousal, increased by empathy, proximity, and duration
- Arousal is reduced by helping, leaving, getting help, or deciding the victim is undeserving.
