🧠 psychology - piliavin et al

Question 1

How many participants were in Piliavin et al?

Answer 1

4450

Question 2

What was the gender of the participants in Piliavin et al?

Answer 2

Men and women

Question 3

What was the racial composition of Piliavin et al?

Answer 3

45% black, 55% white

Question 4

What times did Piliavin et al take place in?

Answer 4

11am - 3pm

Question 5

When was Piliavin et al?

Answer 5

April 15 - June 26 1968

Question 6

What was the mean number of people in the critical area?

Answer 6

8.5

Question 7

How many trials were conducted for Piliavin et al?

Answer 7

103

Question 8

What was the lab experiment involving epileptic seizures that inspired Piliavin?

Answer 8

Darley and Latane (with a flick on the e)

Question 9

What were the two victim types?

Answer 9

Drunk or ill

Question 10

What were the two victim races?

Answer 10

Black or white

Question 11

Where did Piliavin et al’s emergencies take place?

Answer 11

7 1/2 minute express run between the 59th Street and 125th street stations of the eighth avenue indpendent branch of new york subways

Question 12

What was the mean number of people in the car in Piliavin?

Answer 12

45

Question 13

Each team consisted of…

Answer 13

2 males and 2 females
- Females both recorders
- One male a model
- One male a victim

Question 14

Where did the victim stand?

Answer 14

Next to a pole in the centre of the critical area

Question 15

What was the average gender distribution in the critical area?

Answer 15

60%

Question 16

When did the victim fall?

Answer 16

Approximately 70s after departure

Question 17

How many trials were run a day?

Answer 17

6 to 8 trials

Question 18

What were the victims’ ages?

Answer 18

Between 26 and 35

Question 19

What did victims wear?

Answer 19

Eisenhower jackets, old slacks, no tie

Question 20

How many drunk trials were conducted?

Answer 20

38

Question 21

How many cane trials were conducted?

Answer 21

65

Question 21

What did models wear?

Answer 21

Informal clothes (though not identically attired)

Question 22

What were the four different model conditions?

Answer 22

1. Critical area - early - fourth station, model in critical area, 70s after collapse
   2.Critical area - late - sixth station, model in critical area, 150s after collapse
   3.Adjacent area - early - fourth station, model in adjacent area 70s
   4.Adjacent area - late - fourth station, model in adjacent area 150s

Question 23

What did observer 1 record?

Answer 23

• Race, sex location of every rider seated or standing in critical area
• Total no. of individuals in carriage and total assisters
• Race, sex, location of each helper
• & comments spontaneously made by nearby passengers, and elicited comments

Question 24

What did observer 2 record?

Answer 24

• Race, sex, location of every rider seated or standing in adjacent area
• Latency of first helper’s arrival after victim’s fall / model’s arrival
• & comments spontaneously made by nearby passengers, and elicited comments

Question 25

What is spontaneous help?

Answer 25

Help before the model acted

Question 26

On how many trials did the cane victim receive spontaneous help?

Answer 26

On 62 out of 65 trials.

Question 27

On how many trials did the drunk victim receive spontaneous help?

Answer 27

On 19 out of 38 trials

Question 28

When comparing the latency of response between drunk and cane conditions, why were model trials not omitted (because one does not know how long it may have taken for a helper to arrive without the model)?

Answer 28

It would reduce the nummber of drunk trials dramatically: there were less drunk trials than cane trials

Question 29

How was the issue of misleading drunk-cane latency comparisons avoided?

Answer 29

The trials were dichotomised into a group where someone was helped before 70 seconds, a group where people helped the model, and a group where noone helped.

Question 30

How many spontaneous first helpers were there?

Answer 30

81

Question 31

On what percentage of trials did the help-recieving victim recive help from more than one good Samaritan?

Answer 31

60%

Question 32

How did the number of helpers subsequent to the first differ between black and white victims or cane and drunk victims?

Answer 32

It did not!

Question 33

What percentage of spontaneous first helpers were male?

Answer 33

90%

Question 34

What percentage of spontaneous first helpers were white?

Answer 34

64%

Does not differ significantly from 55% actual racial distribition

Question 36

Describe results that support same-race helping

Answer 36

Out of 65 trials of spontaneous help to white victims, 68% helpers were also white.

On 16 trials where spontaneous help was given to black victims, 50% were white

This is slightly significant

Question 37

In how many trials was the race of helper of a drunk victim the same as the victim?

Answer 37

16 out of 19

Question 38

In how many trials was the race of the helper of a cane victim the same as the victim?

Answer 38

36 out of 62

Question 39

How did the frequency of help differ in the critical area compared to the adjacent area?

Answer 39

It did not (8)

Question 40

How did the frequency of help differ in the early condition compared to the late condition?

Answer 40

Slightly more (9 vs 7)

Question 41

Describe how comments were distributed among trials?

Answer 41

• Far more comments on drunk trials
• More comments on trials where there was no help till after 70 seconds

Question 43

What are some of the comments made by women?

Answer 43

• “It’s for men to help him”
• “I wish I could help him - I’m not strong enough”
• “I never saw this kind of thing before - I don’t know where to look”
• “You feel so bad that you don’t know where to look”

Question 44

How was the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis tested?

Answer 44

Nonmodel trials were seperated into three groups depending on the number of males in the critical area, with mean and median latencies of reponse calculated for each group

Question 45

What was the mean latency (seconds) of help for cane victims when there was 1-3 males in the critical area compared to 7+?

Answer 45

1-3: 15
7+: 9

Question 46

What was the mean latency (seconds) of help for drunk victims when there was 1-3 males in the critical area compared to 7+?

Answer 46

1-3: 309
7+: 97

Question 47

What were the conclusions?

Answer 47

1. Ill-appearing individual is more likely to recieve aid than a drunk-appearing one
2. Men are more likely to help a male victim than women, in mixed groups
3. In mixed racial groups, there is some tendency for same race helping increased when a victim is drunk
4. There is no strong relationship between number of bystanders and speed of helping
5. The longer an emergency continues without help, the less impact of the modell on helping behavior, the more likely individuals leave the area, and the more likely observers discuss the individual

Question 48

Describe the cost-reward model

Answer 48

1. Emergency
2. Heightened arousal, increased by empathy, proximity, and duration
3. Arousal is reduced by helping, leaving, getting help, or deciding the victim is undeserving.