Psychology Quiz 6 Flashcards
Sits between the lower brain & fore-brain
Limbic System
linked to emotions, memory, & drives fear
Limbic System
The Limbic System includes:
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus
plays a role in processing & expressing emotion, (particularly fear & aggression)
amygdala
Case Study in _________ Link: Charles Whitman
Amygdala-Aggression
If stimulated results in intense changes in facial expressions
amygdala
If stimulated might result in an increase in anger or fear.
amygdala
If damaged inability to recognize emotions and emotional significance of events.
amygdala
Kluver-Bury Syndrome is a result of a damaged _____.
amygdala
What is this an example of?
A woman was walking through the park late at night and was robbed. The next day she goes back to the same place she was robbed and walks again.
Damaged amygdala
controls endocrine system via pituitary gland
hypothalamus
coordinates body maintenance (e.g., appetite, sex drive, temperature of body)
hypothalamus
linked to emotion & reward seeking
hypothalamus
linked to the 4 F’s
Fighting/Fleeing
Feeding
Fornication
Freezing
hypothalamus
processes explicit memories & spatial navigation
hippocampus
decreases in size & function with age
hippocampus
Consists of 4 different lobes
Cerebral Cortex
What lobes are located in the Cerebral Cortex?
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Responsible for intelligence, personality, voluntary muscles
frontal
Responsible for spatial location, attention, motor control
parietal
Responsible for vision
occipital
Responsible for hearing, language, memory
temporal
specific body part associated with specific brain area
point-to-point mapping
________ for somatosensory (parietal) & motor (frontal) cortex
point-to-point mapping
somatosensory cortex and motor cortex are forms of ________
point-to-point mapping
left side controls the body’s right side (& vice versa)
motor cortex
left side gets input from the body’s right side (& vice versa)
somatosensory cortex
body sensations & touch
somatosensory cortex
voluntary movement
motor cortex
play a role in higher mental functions
association areas
75% of cortex
association areas
e.g., learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, linking emotion to sensations, etc.
association areas
judgment, self-control, planning, processing new memories
frontal lobe areas
damage to different _______ results in different losses
association areas
More _______ areas take up more space.
sensitive
brain area involved in planning & self-control
left prefrontal cortex
Brain damage effects depends on ______ & ___
severity & age
________ may occur after serious damage (esp. in kids), but some functions seem assigned to specific areas.
Plasticity
What is this an example of?
blindness/deafness frees up unused brain areas
up for other uses
Plasticity
helps rewire the brain & improve dexterity of people with brain damage.
Constraint-induced therapy
The whole left-brain = analytical & right-brain = creative thing is a ______.
myth
verbal processing, speech, grammar
left hemisphere
speech production
Broca’s Area
If _______ is damaged people can still understand speech but cannot produce it.
Broca’s Area
speech comprehension
Wernicke’s Area
If ______ is damaged people can still speak fluently, but their words don’t make sense and they cannot understand speech.
Wernicke’s Area
making inferences, self-awareness, modulating speech
right hemisphere
If _______ is damaged you might not know that you can’t move the left side of your body.
right hemisphere
neural fibers connecting brain hemispheres
Corpus callosum
When _____ hemispheres quickly share info. & coordinate activity
intact
When ______ info. sharing does not take place.
severed
hemispheres operate independently with no “cross-talk”
split brain
syndrome
subjective awareness of self & our environment
Consciousness
_______ occur spontaneously
Altered states of consciousness
What is this an example of?
Daydreaming
Altered states of consciousness
______ are induced physiologically (e.g., hallucinations) & psychologically (e.g., meditation & hypnosis)
Altered states of consciousness
______ scans sometimes show similar brain activity in conscious individuals & noncommunicative patients
fMRI
Attention is a ___________
limited resource
focusing on specific features in environment while (& ignoring other aspects)
selective attention
can have major consequences…
selective attention
What is this an example of?
(Cocktail Party Effect): You’re at a party and only paying attention to the person talking to you; when all of a sudden you hear someone say your name and it grabs your attention.
selective attention
failure to notice clearly visible events or objects when attention is directed elsewhere
inattentional blindness
What is this an example of?
e.g., (invisible gorilla study): You are focusing on the people with white shirts and counting the number of times they pass the ball. While doing this a gorilla walks past the screen but since you were paying attention to something else you didn’t notice the gorilla.
inattentional blindness
failure to notice changes in the environment
change blindness
What is this an example of?
You fail to notice that your mom got a haircut.
change blindness
information often simultaneously processed on separate conscious & unconscious tracks
dual processing
condition where a blind person can respond to a visual stimulus without having a conscious awareness of the stimulus
blindsight
awareness
What is this an example of?
blindsight awareness
dual processing
What is this an example of?
parallel processing & sequential processing
dual processing
simultaneously processing many aspects of a situation
parallel processing
used for routine &/or well-learned tasks
parallel processing
What is this an example of?
Moving on ‘autopilot’
parallel processing
processing one aspect of a situation/problem at a time
sequential processing
used for new info. &/or difficult tasks
sequential processing
What is this an example of?
Processing used when taking an exam or learning how to knit.
sequential processing
Consciousness follows a cycle known as ___________.
circadian rhythm
internal biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
circadian rhythm
differs based on genes experience, and age
circadian rhythm
regulates circadian rhythms by sending signals to the pineal gland
suprachiasmatic nucleus
located in the hypothalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
which releases melatonin in response to darkness
pineal gland
______ suppresses the release of melatonin.
Light
______ from phones can act like ‘light’ suppressing the release of melatonin.
Blue light
periodic, natural loss of consciousness as the body rests
sleep
characterized by distinct stages & brain wave activity
sleep
activity of thousands of neurons
brain waves
number of up & down cycles
frequency
height/depth of up & down cycles
amplitude
alert & awake; you have relatively low/small amplitude, but frequency is fast
beta waves
relatively slow; relaxed & awake; waves are synchronized, and amplitude is high (meditation)
alpha waves
brief; hallucinations (first stage, is brief, and you are starting to fall asleep)
NREM-1
What stage of sleep does this occur?
Hypnagogic sensation
NREM-1
Feeling of falling when about to fall asleep causing a body jerk.
Hypnagogic sensation
transition to deep sleep; sleep spindles; transition to deep sleep
NREM-2
bursts of big brain waves that aid in processing memories
sleep spindles
deep sleep, brain is refreshing/washing itself, and aids in memory
NREM-3
Slow big waves that occur during NREM-3.
delta waves
most vivid dreams; muscles relaxed but other body systems active, brain waves are distinct
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
REM is also known as _____
paradoxical sleep
brain seems like it is awake but you are asleep
paradoxical sleep
Multiple sleep cycles per night (young adults: ~___-min. cycles)
90
Why do we sleep? – 5 potential reasons
Protection, restoration, growth (esp. in babies), memory consolidation, and creative thinking
______ sleep the MOST
Babies
The ______ you are the less sleep you get.
older
healthy adults: ______ hrs. a night
7-8
young adults: ______ hrs. a night
7-9
hunter-gatherers get ______ hrs
6.5 - 8.5
After several 5-hr. sleep nights, we accumulate “_________”
sleep debt
Can’t be caught up by one long night of sleep
sleep debt
after sleep deprivation, ↑ duration of REM sleep
REM rebound
causes fatigue & irritability
sleep deprivation
impairs concentration, productivity, & memory consolidation
sleep deprivation
linked to depression, obesity, & suppressed immune system
sleep deprivation
_______ & ______ related to academic performance, well-being, mood, & self-control
sleep quality & quantity
ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep
insomnia
criteria for a _______:
significant daytime impairment / distress
occurs at least 3x a week per 1 month
disorder
older age; being ♀are risk factors for ______
insomnia
decline in mental & physical health problems with social functioning are effects of ______
insomnia
neurological disorder impacting brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles
narcolepsy
persistent sleepiness during day; sudden onset of sleepiness/sleep
narcolepsy
genetic predispositions; immune system abnormalities are risk factors of _______
narcolepsy
reduces quality of life & can restrict career choice are effects of ______
narcolepsy
stopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping
sleep apnea
older age; obesity (esp. in ♂) are risk factors of _______
sleep apnea
The effects of ________ are fatigue, depression, & obesity; may be cause & effect
sleep apnea
engaging in normal activity while asleep
sleep walking
awakening terrified from deep sleep
night terrors
Sleep walking and night terrors occur during NREM-____
3
dreams provide psychic “safety valve”
wish-fulfillment
(story line) is a censored version of latent content (underlying meaning that gratifies unconscious wishes)
manifest content
(Cognitive Explanation) dreams help sort out the day’s events & consolidate them in memory
information processing hypothesis
brain stimulation during REM helps develop & preserve neural pathways
Physiological Explanations
activation-synthesis hypothesis is a ________ explanation
Physiological Explanations
REM triggers neural activity, which evokes random visual memories the sleeping brain weaves into stories
activation-synthesis hypothesis
Wish-fulfilment is a ________ explanation.
Psychodynamic Explanation (Freud)
Manifest content is a ______ explanation.
Psychodynamic Explanation (Freud)
usually ordinary events/everyday experiences; most dreams involve some anxiety or misfortune.
What we dream
incorporating prior days’ experience are most common in _______
dreams
with negative event/emotion: 8 in 10 dreams
dreams
with sexual imagery:
* 1 in 10 among young ♂
* 1 in 30 among young ♀
dreams
underlying meaning that gratifies unconscious wishes
latent content
