Psychology Exam 1 Part 2 Flashcards
retrieving previously learned info. without any cues provided
recall
identifying previously learned info. after cues are
provided
recognition
assessing if less time is needed previously learned info
relearning
What is this an example of?
Multiple choice tests
Recognition
What is this an example of?
Fill-in-the-blank test
Recall
The three stage model of memory includes:
Encoding, storage, retrieval
immediate, brief recording of sensory info
sensory memory
brief visual (photographic) memory
iconic memory
brief auditory memory
echoic memory
briefly holds few items of info. before they’re
stored or forgotten
short-term memory
limited capacity: 7 ± 2 pieces of info
short-term memory
active processing of sensory info. & info. from LTM
working memory
capacity influenced by executive attention
(ability to maintain attention while avoiding distractions)
working memory
facts & experiences one
consciously knows & can declare
explicit memories (declarative)
Procedural and associations are what type of memories?
Implicit
Learned skills/classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
Implicit memories (nondeclarative)
unconscious encoding of incidental (e.g.,
space, time, frequency) & well-learned info. (e.g., word meanings).
automatic processing
conscious attention & effort
effortful processing
organization of items into familiar, manageable units
chunking
What is this an example of?
4408675309
(440) 867-5309
chunking
memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery
and organizational devices
mnemonics
What is this an example of?
(PEMDAS)
Please
Excuse
My
Dear
Aunt
Sally
mnemonics
organization of items into few broad categories that
are divided & subdivided into narrower concepts & facts
hierarchies
encoding more
effective when spread
over time
spacing effect
produces speedy
short
-term learning
& feelings of
confidence
massed practice
produces better long term recall
distributed practice
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than
simply rereading information
testing effect
mixing
multiple subjects or topics
while studying leads to
better retention &
performance
interleaving
we tend to remember info. better when it’s
somehow related to us.
self-reference effect
relatively permanent / limitless archive of
memory system (i.e., knowledge, skills, experience)
long-term memory
↑ in a neuron’s firing potential
after brief, rapid stimulation
long-term potentiation (LTP)
Responsible for retrieval
frontal lobes
Responsible for storage
hippocampus
What is massed practice also known as?
cramming
What is this an example of?
We’re more likely to remember people who share our name & birthdays that are near ours.
self-reference effect
If the basal ganglia is not functioning they cannot form new ________________________ (riding a bike)
physical/functioning skills
Failure to notice contributes to ___
memory failure
Encoding failure leads to _________
forgetting
Older memories make it more difficult to remember new info (forgetting your new password after you change it)
proactive interference
New learning disrupts memory for older information (forgetting how to write in MLA after learning APA)
retroactive interference
According to Freud, we avoid remembering painful or anxiety producing memories.
Repression
inability to retrieve information from one’s past (can’t remember the past)
retrograde amnesia
Progressive degenerative brain disorder causes profound memory loss
Alzheimer’s Disease
facts & general
knowledge
semantic
personally
experienced
events
episodic
knowledge of how
to perform certain
tasks or motor skills
procedural
classically conditioned
responses (reflexes &
attitudes)
associations
semantic and episodic memories are _____ and are located in the ____ ____ and ______
explicit; frontal lobes and hippocampus
procedural and associations are ____ and are located in _______ and _____ _____
implicit; cerebellum and basal ganglia
memories created
by classical conditioning
cerebellum
memories of
physical / procedural skills
basal ganglia
clear, vivid memory of an emotionally
significant moment or event (relies on amygdala)
flashbulb memories
associations formed with target info. that aid in
accessing it
retrieval cues
activation (often unconsciously)
of particular associations in memory
priming
cues & contexts specific
to a particular memory are most effective in helping recall
encoding specificity principle
tendency to better recall
events consistent with current body / mental state
state-dependent memory
tendency to best recall the last
(recency effect) & first (primacy effect) items in a list
serial position effect
can’t remember a memory that isn’t there
encoding failure
sometimes stored info. can’t be accessed
retrieval failure
: temporary inability to retrieve specific info
blocking
Short term memory is _________ capacity.
limited
What is this an example of?
Random facts (e.g., O stands for Oxygen on the periodic table)
Semantic
What is this an example of?
A dog biting you or a your first kiss
Episodic
memory consolidation also involves _____
sleep
exemplified by “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon
blocking
involves a loss of memory from long-term stores
storage decay
When we are forgetting things it’s a steep drop off then slows.
Forgetting Curve
memories interfere with retrieval of other memories
interference
involves loss of
memory, often due to brain
injury, trauma, or disease
amnesia
inability to remember events in first few yrs. of
life (generally 0-3 yrs. old)
infantile amnesia
inability
to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
a process in which previously stored memories, when
retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
reconsolidation
: stores
encoded information to be
retrieved later.
* semantic
reproductive memory
uses
stored information to construct a
belief about an experience.
* episodic
reconstructive memory
continued reproduction of an image, idea, memory,
over time; many times, by different people.
serial reproduction
a memory is corrupted by misleading info
misinformation effect
repeatedly imagining
fake actions/events can create false memories
imagination inflation
faulty memory for how,
when, or where info. was learned
source amnesia
eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”
* cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of
earlier experience
déjà vu
focused on: A) are early
childhood memories of abuse repressed? & b) Can they be recovered?
Recovered Memory Controversy
- viewing time during crime: longer time = better identification
- delay between viewing crime & witnessing: longer delay = worse
identification - stress during viewing crime: high stress = worse identification
- race of perpetrator & eyewitness: same race = better identification
- cross-race effect: people are better at recognizing faces from
their own, relative to other races.
What influences reliability of eyewitness identification
