PSYCH 102 Exam 1 Flashcards
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.
Cognition
Thinking about thinking
Metacognition
mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Concepts
-helps to simplify our thinking
-formed by developing prototypes
-can cause problems
Concepts
step by step procedure
Algorithms
abrupt realization of a problem’s solution
Insight
What is this an example of?
Ex,- Wordle or a maze
Algorithms
Pros and Cons of _______
- They work, but they take time
Algorithms
Pros and Cons of _______
- You might be waiting, but it never comes
Insight
The likelihood of an event is determined by our memory.
Availability
How likely the problem is similar to the prototype.
Representativeness
Availability and Representativeness fall under ________.
Heuristics
occurs when people search for evidence that supports our preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence.
Confirmation Bias
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Horoscopes, full moons, superstitions
Confirmation Bias
inability to come to a fresh perspective
Fixation
tendency to approach a problem with a mindset that worked previously
Mental set
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Intuition
a tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when
evidence has completely undermined it.
Belief Perseverance
How to stop Belief Perseverance?
Create a routine, distraction, redirection, relaxation, or positive reinforcement
the way an issue is presented
Framing
Ability to produce new and valuable
ideas
Thinking Creatively
- Requires aptitude-convergent thinking
- Divergent thinking
Thinking Creatively
- Expertise
- Imaginative
- Adventuresome
- Intrinsically motivated
- Creative environment
Sternberg
Spoken, written, or signed
Language
Based on a system of symbols
Language
Lets us pass down information and plan for the future
Language
Consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them
Language
Though we have a set number of rules, words, and symbols we can use those to come up with an infinite number of combos and meanings
Infinite Generativity
What is this an example of?
Ex.- cat, dog, blue
Infinite Generativity
coherent sequences of words that express meaning
Sentence
smallest free form in a language
Word
smallest unit of meaning
Morpheme
- Some can stand alone
- Others get bound to them and add crucial input
- “s” and “ed”
Morpheme
smallest unit of sound
Phoneme
Tendency to approach a problem with a mindset that worked previously.
Fixation
The sound system of a language
Phonology
The system of meaningful units involved in word formation.
Morphology
The system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Syntax
The system that involves the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
The system of using appropriate conversation and knowledge of how to effectively use language in context
Pragmatics
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Using polite language in appropriate situations, such as being mannerly when talking with one’s teacher.
Pragmatics
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Knowing the meaning of individual words, such as intelligent, orange, bird, etc.
Semantics
What is this an example of?
Ex.- “Sebastion pushed the bike” has a different meaning than “The bike pushed Sebastion.”
Syntax
- Whether vocal folds vibrate ([z], [d], [b], [v])
- Or do not vibrate ([s], [t], [p], [f])
Voicing
- Whether air is fully stopped ([b], [p], [d], [t])
- Or merely restricted ([z], [s], [v], [f])
Manner of production
- Where in the mouth the air is restricted
- Closing of lips ([b], [p])
- Top teeth against bottom lip ([v], [f])
- Tongue behind upper teeth ([d], [t], [z], [s])
Place of articulation
Is the meaning of the words in the sentence.
Semantic
How do babies communicate?
Crying, babbling, pointing, cooing, facial expressions
What is this an example of?
Ex.- You talk to your friends differently than you would talk to your professor.
Pragmatic
When do babies recognize language sounds.
Birth - 6 months
6 months - Beyond
How do babies vocalize?
Crying, cooing, and babbling
How do babies gesture?
Showing and pointing
How does gesturing help advance communication?
Helps reinforce language and behavior, and to learn more about things.
Receptive vocabulary considerably exceeds _______ vocabulary.
spoken
When do/How long do babies have a vocabulary spurt?
around 18 months
Using a word for more than what it applies to.
Overextension
Narrowly using a word
Under extension
Short and is straight to the point
Telegraphic Speech
What is this an example of?
Ex.- A baby only calling their dog a dog, but every other dog a bear.
Under extension
What is this an example of?
Ex.- See doggie, book there, my toy, etc.
Telegraphic Speech
- To convey meaning child relies on gesture, tone, and context.
- Location, identification, repetition, negation, possession, attribution, question, etc.
Two word utterances (2 years old)
To convey meaning child relies on _____, ______, and ______.
gesture, tone, and context
At 3 months babies _______.
coo
What age?
Speech/Language
- coos and smiles
- Cries differently for different needs
Hearing/Understanding
- Recognizes your voice
- May stay quiet /smile when spoken to
3 months
What age?
Speech/Language
- Babbles
- Laughs and giggles more
- Vocalizes excitement and displeasure
Hearing/Understanding
- Notices sound, music, changes in tone of voice
- Moves eyes toward sound
6 months
What age?
Speech/Language
- Imitates speech/non-speech sounds
- Babbles longer strings of sounds
Hearing/Understanding
- Imitates actions and gestures
- Looks at objects when talked about
9 months
What age?
Speech/Language
- 1-2 words vocabulary
- Meaningful use of “mama” and “dada”
Hearing/Understanding
- Understands simple phrases
- Recognizes words for common items
12 months or 1 years old
What age?
Speech/Language
- Uses 2 word phrases
- Vocabulary of over 50 words or more
Hearing/Understanding
- Follows 2 step directions
- Uses gestures during pretend play
2 years old
What age?
Speech/Language
- Vocabulary of 18 words (10-20 words)
- Repeats words overheard in convo
Hearing/Understanding
- Follows simple commands/questions
- Points to pictures/objects in book
18 months
What age?
Speech/Language
- Uses 3-word phrases
- Vocabulary of 200 words or more
Hearing/Understanding
- Understands spatial/time concepts
- Understands pronouns/plurals
3 years old
What age?
Speech/Language
- Uses 4 or more word sentences
- Uses 4 or more sentences to tell a story
Hearing/Understanding
- Understands how/why questions
- Groups objects; Identifies colors
4 years
What regions of the brain are involved in language?
Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
a loss or impairment of language
aphasia
If damaged, is difficult to produce speech
Broca
If damaged, can produce speech but does not make sense
Wernicke
What is this an example of?
Ex.-
Children learn language in social contexts by:
- Reading a book
- Being touched or smiled at while babbling
Social interaction (Environmental Influences)
___________ is linked to:
- Family’s socioeconomic status
- Type of talk that parents direct to their children
Vocabulary development (Environmental Influences)
Screens _____ linked to development.
are not
What is this an example of?
Ex.-
- Captures attention
- Maintains communication and social interaction
- Even 4 year olds do it
Child-directed speech (Environmental Influences)
What is this an example of?
Ex.-
- Recasting-“Dog bark”
- Expanding-“Doggie eat.”
- Labeling + more information
- READ BOOKS! - Expand on the text
Caregiver strategies (Environmental Influences)
Showing how to say it better
Recasting
What is this an example of?
Ex.- “Doggie bark”
“Yes, the dog barked.”
Recasting
speedy intelligence =
fluid intelligence
______ and ________ contribute to language development.
Biology and experience
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intelligence
_______ doesn’t necessarily mean the same as making good grades
Intelligence
Created general intelligence
Spearman
Genral intelligence is also known as ___
g
Underlies all mental abilities and tested:
- verbal/linguistic intelligence
- spatial ability
- reasoning ability
Spearman’s general intelligence
Tested:
- Word fluency
- Verbal comprehension
- Spatial ability
- Perceptual speed
- Numerical ability
- Inductive reasoning
- Memory
Thurston
Created/Tested
- Fluid intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
Cattell-Horn-Carrol
______ intelligence:
- Ability to reason speedily and
abstractly
- Deal with new
problems
Fluid intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and
verbal skills
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence is impacted by ________.
Crystallized intelligence
________ intelligences:
Spatial
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Intrapersonal
Musical
Naturalist
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Existential
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Seeing things in your mind, imagining an escape/route of a maze
Spatial intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Being really good at writing poems and learning languages.
Linguistic intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Great organization, good at taking tests
Logical - Mathematical intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Understanding yourself
Intrapersonal intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Understanding pitch and sound, playing an instrument
Musical intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Being able to recognize the real world or hunting
Naturalistic intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Good at moving your body (dancers, athletes, etc.)
Body Kinesthetic intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Understanding social cues, good at motivating others
Interpersonal intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Thinking about life and death, concern with life issues
Existential intelligence
Have single extraordinary talent despite limited mental ability
Savant Syndrome
What is this an example of?
Ex.-
- Intelligence
- Grit
- Deliberate practice
Nature and Nurture
What is this an example of?
Ex.-
- Perceiving emotions
- Understanding emotions
- Managing emotions
- Using emotions
Emotional intelligence
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Delayed gratification, tendency to succeed in relationships and careers, happier/healthier
Benefits of Emotional intelligence
What two tests are used in the Intelligence Assessment?
Achievement tests
Aptitude Tests
What two things make up Aptitude tests?
IQ tests
SAT
How is IQ calculated?
Mental Age
_______________ x 100
Chronological Age
Created mental age test
Binet
Created Stanford-Binet test
Terman
Created Intelligence Quotient or IQ
Stern
Created _______ Adult Intelligence Scale & ______ Intelligence Scale for Children
Weschler
Those with _______ scores were also correlated with:
- Earning more money
- Higher prestige jobs
- Less likely to be in jail
- Less likely to get pregnant as a teenager
- Less difficulty following doctor’s instructions
higher IQ
- Intelligence scores have risen 3 points per decade
- Cannot be genetic (too fast)
Flynn Affect
By comparing twins, we can
determine how much ______
similarity affects intelligence.
- Dizygotic (DZ)
- Monozygotic (MZ)
genetic
Do genetics and environment affect genes?
yes
__________ across siblings leads to lower correlation of IQs.
Distance in age
T/F
Specific genes have been pinpointed that seemingly influence variations in intelligence and learning disorders.
True
T/F
We haven’t found all of the smart genes yet.
True
Malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation ______ normal brain development. (Gene-Environment Interactions)
slow
The most important thing parents can do to support brain development is to _____.
Get to know their baby and serve & return (play)
What is this an example of?
Ex.- A baby babbles and the parents talk back to the baby.
Serve and Return
- Increased when effort rather than ability is encouraged.
- Increased resiliency in teens
Growth Mindset
______ + _________ + ______ = success
Ability
Opportunity
Motivation
In general, gender differences in ___________ are fairly minor
intelligence test scores
Girls or Boy?
Better at:
- spelling
- verbal fluency
- locating objects
- emotion detectors
Girls
Girls or Boy?
Better at:
- spatial ability
- complex math problems
- more variance in their mental ability
Boys
Genetics research reveals that
races are ________.
alike
Race is not a clearly defined
__________.
biological category
Within the same population, there are ________ differences in test scores.
generation-to generation
In different eras, different ______ have experienced golden ages -periods of remarkable achievement.
ethnic groups
A test can also be ______ if it detects performance differences caused by cultural experiences
biased
Predictive validity
Bias
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
- Attention, performance, and learning.
- Men vs. Women on math tests
- Test-givers
- Test-takers
Self-fulfilling stereotype threat
Aptitude tests are _________ in a scientific sense but are_______ related to insensitivity to differences caused by culture experiences.
not biased; biased
type of intelligence that includes our ability to reason speedily and abstractly
Fluid
a mental image or best example of a category
Prototype
type of thinking that expands the number of possible solutions
Divergent
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
reliability
type of test that predicts a person’s future performance
aptitude test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
achievement test
the capacity to learn
aptitude
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)
predictive validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
content validity
simple thinking strategy; mental shortcut
Heuristics
type of intelligence that includes our accumulated knowledge
Crystallized
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Validity
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
Heuristics
