PSYCH 102 Exam 1 Flashcards
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.
Cognition
Thinking about thinking
Metacognition
mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Concepts
-helps to simplify our thinking
-formed by developing prototypes
-can cause problems
Concepts
step by step procedure
Algorithms
abrupt realization of a problem’s solution
Insight
What is this an example of?
Ex,- Wordle or a maze
Algorithms
Pros and Cons of _______
- They work, but they take time
Algorithms
Pros and Cons of _______
- You might be waiting, but it never comes
Insight
The likelihood of an event is determined by our memory.
Availability
How likely the problem is similar to the prototype.
Representativeness
Availability and Representativeness fall under ________.
Heuristics
occurs when people search for evidence that supports our preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence.
Confirmation Bias
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Horoscopes, full moons, superstitions
Confirmation Bias
inability to come to a fresh perspective
Fixation
tendency to approach a problem with a mindset that worked previously
Mental set
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Intuition
a tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when
evidence has completely undermined it.
Belief Perseverance
How to stop Belief Perseverance?
Create a routine, distraction, redirection, relaxation, or positive reinforcement
the way an issue is presented
Framing
Ability to produce new and valuable
ideas
Thinking Creatively
- Requires aptitude-convergent thinking
- Divergent thinking
Thinking Creatively
- Expertise
- Imaginative
- Adventuresome
- Intrinsically motivated
- Creative environment
Sternberg
Spoken, written, or signed
Language
Based on a system of symbols
Language
Lets us pass down information and plan for the future
Language
Consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them
Language
Though we have a set number of rules, words, and symbols we can use those to come up with an infinite number of combos and meanings
Infinite Generativity
What is this an example of?
Ex.- cat, dog, blue
Infinite Generativity
coherent sequences of words that express meaning
Sentence
smallest free form in a language
Word
smallest unit of meaning
Morpheme
- Some can stand alone
- Others get bound to them and add crucial input
- “s” and “ed”
Morpheme
smallest unit of sound
Phoneme
Tendency to approach a problem with a mindset that worked previously.
Fixation
The sound system of a language
Phonology
The system of meaningful units involved in word formation.
Morphology
The system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Syntax
The system that involves the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
The system of using appropriate conversation and knowledge of how to effectively use language in context
Pragmatics
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Using polite language in appropriate situations, such as being mannerly when talking with one’s teacher.
Pragmatics
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Knowing the meaning of individual words, such as intelligent, orange, bird, etc.
Semantics
What is this an example of?
Ex.- “Sebastion pushed the bike” has a different meaning than “The bike pushed Sebastion.”
Syntax
- Whether vocal folds vibrate ([z], [d], [b], [v])
- Or do not vibrate ([s], [t], [p], [f])
Voicing
- Whether air is fully stopped ([b], [p], [d], [t])
- Or merely restricted ([z], [s], [v], [f])
Manner of production
- Where in the mouth the air is restricted
- Closing of lips ([b], [p])
- Top teeth against bottom lip ([v], [f])
- Tongue behind upper teeth ([d], [t], [z], [s])
Place of articulation
Is the meaning of the words in the sentence.
Semantic
How do babies communicate?
Crying, babbling, pointing, cooing, facial expressions
What is this an example of?
Ex.- You talk to your friends differently than you would talk to your professor.
Pragmatic
When do babies recognize language sounds.
Birth - 6 months
6 months - Beyond
How do babies vocalize?
Crying, cooing, and babbling
How do babies gesture?
Showing and pointing
How does gesturing help advance communication?
Helps reinforce language and behavior, and to learn more about things.
Receptive vocabulary considerably exceeds _______ vocabulary.
spoken
When do/How long do babies have a vocabulary spurt?
around 18 months
Using a word for more than what it applies to.
Overextension
Narrowly using a word
Under extension
Short and is straight to the point
Telegraphic Speech
What is this an example of?
Ex.- A baby only calling their dog a dog, but every other dog a bear.
Under extension
What is this an example of?
Ex.- See doggie, book there, my toy, etc.
Telegraphic Speech
