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Spring Semester > Psych Quiz 11 > Flashcards

Psych Quiz 11 Flashcards

1
Q

predicts when we will detect a faint stimulus (i.e., signal) amid background noise.

A

signal detection theory

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2
Q

– assumes no absolute threshold
– detection varies based on experience, expectations, motivation, alertness, & type / strength of stimulus

A

signal detection theory

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3
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., fire & the smoke detector goes off

A

hit

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4
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., no fire & smoke detector does not go off

A

correct rejection

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5
Q

Hit and correct rejection fall under _______ decisions.

A

right

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6
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., fire & the smoke detector does not go off

A

miss

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7
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., no fire & smoke detector goes off anyway

A

false alarm

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8
Q

Miss and false alarm fall under _______ decisions.

A

wrong

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9
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You think a person is sick, so you avoid them, and the person is actually sick.

A

hit

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10
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You think a person is sick, so you avoid them; however, the person actually is not sick.

A

false alarm

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11
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You do not think a person is sick and you do not avoid them, and they are actually sick.

A

miss

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12
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You do not think a person is sick and you do not avoid them, and they actually are not sick.

A

correction rejection

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13
Q

minimum difference between 2 stimuli detectable 50% of the time

A

difference threshold (just noticeable difference [JND])

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14
Q

The more costly error.

A

Miss/False negative

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15
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You are able to detect a difference in the brightness of lightbulbs.

A

difference threshold (just noticeable difference [JND])

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16
Q

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not a constant amount).

A

Weber’s law

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17
Q

As stimulus intensity increases, more change is needed to detect a difference.

A

Weber’s law

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18
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You can easily tell the difference between if someone is a 1 or a 2, rather than a 9 or a 10 on an attractiveness scale.

A

Weber’s law

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19
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You are able to tell the difference between a $1 sale on a $3 item, rather than a $1 sale on an $80 item.

A

Weber’s law

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20
Q

↓ sensitivity after constant stimulation

A

sensory adaptation

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21
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., You wear the same cologne/perfume for a long time, so you apply more because you are unable to smell it on yourself.

A

sensory adaptation

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22
Q

repeated exposure to a stimulus creates an ↑
sensory / perceptual response

A

sensitization

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23
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., The person next to you breaths loudly, so you develop an irritation to their breathing.

A

sensitization

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24
Q

mental predisposition to perceive one thing & not another

A

perceptual set

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25
Q

_______ is determined by:
* past experiences & expectations
* differences in sensation ability

A

perceptual set

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26
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., A person in a grocery store may either think:
- That kid is throwing a temper tantrum
- Oh, that kid is throwing a temper tantrum because they are being kidnapped

A

perceptual set

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27
Q

surrounding context may change how we perceive a stimulus

A

context effects

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28
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., You think a dot is bigger than the other because the surrounding dots are smaller, but they are the same size.

A

context effects

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29
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., If you are a short man, you look tall next to kids; In a small town you are hot, but when you go to Hollywood you are not as hot.

A

context effects

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30
Q

Goals, motives, & emotions can _____ our interpretations of neutral stimuli

A

bias

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31
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., misperception of sexual interest in speed dating studies

A

Goals, motives, & emotions biasing our interpretations of neutral stimuli

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32
Q

Humans can see a small piece of the __________.

A

electromagnetic spectrum

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33
Q

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is ______ to our sight.

A

“invisible”

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34
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., x-rays, radio waves

A

electromagnetic spectrum

35
Q

(distance between peaks) determines hue (color)

A

wavelength

36
Q

(height of wave) determines intensity (brightness)

A

wave amplitude

37
Q

changes shape (accommodates) to bring objects into focus on retina (light-sensitive inner surface of eye)

A

Lens

38
Q

Light rays → Cornea → Pupil → _______

A

Lens

39
Q

sensitive to detail & color

A

cones

40
Q
  • higher concentration near fovea (center of retina)
  • precise, color “daytime” vision
A

cones

41
Q

sensitive to faint light

A

rods

42
Q
  • located around periphery of retina
  • black & white “night” vision
  • peripheral vision
A

rods

43
Q

No receptors where the optic
nerve ______ the eye
(blind spot)

A

leaves

44
Q

cones are working but rods aren’t activated

A

When entering a dark room

45
Q

cones need adequate ______ to work properly

A

light

46
Q

rods require _______ but need some time to activate

A

less light

47
Q

rods become “saturated” in bright light; stop working

A

When exiting a dark room

48
Q

must wait for cones to take back over

A

When exiting a dark room

49
Q

__________ crosses over & runs to the thalamus on
the opposite side of brain.

A

Optic nerve

50
Q

____________ routes signal directly back to visual cortex to process.

A

Thalamus

51
Q

different nerve cells process specific features (e.g., shape, angle, movement)

A

feature detectors

52
Q

processes faces

A

Fusiform Cortex

53
Q

face blindness

A

Prosopagnosia

54
Q

different areas of the visual cortex processing motion, form, depth, & color do so at the same time
* brain later integrates these dimensions to form one big picture

A

parallel processing

55
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Men thinking a woman is into them because they are nice & smile at them.

A

Goals, motives, & emotions biasing our interpretations of neutral stimuli

56
Q

integrating sensory info. into meaningful wholes
* follow rules of grouping

A

Gestalt principles

57
Q

Organizing stimuli into coherent groups

A

grouping

58
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Necker cube

A

Gestalt principles

59
Q

organization of visual field into objects (figures)
that stand out from surroundings (ground)

A

figure-ground

60
Q

objects

A

figures

61
Q

surroundings

A

ground

62
Q

Figure-ground, proximity, continuity, and closure falls under __________.

A

Form perception

63
Q

tendency to group nearby figures together

A

proximity

64
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., You and an opposite sex friend get mistaken as a couple because you are close together.

A

proximity

65
Q

tendency to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

A

continuity

66
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., You are unable to tell where an electrical cord leads to due to other cords.

A

continuity

67
Q

filling in gaps to create a complete, whole object

A

closure

68
Q

ability to see in 3D

A

Depth Perception

69
Q

Monocular cues, Retinal Disparity, and Binocular cues fall under __________.

A

Depth Perception

70
Q

depend on 2 eyes

A

binocular cues

71
Q

difference between 2 eyes helps us see depth

A

retinal disparity

72
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., You hold your left and right index fingers in front of your eyes and move them back forth affecting your vision.

A

retinal disparity

73
Q

cues a single eye can use
to produce 3D

A

monocular cues

74
Q

______ needs:
* light & shadow
* relative size / height / position (interposition)
* linear perspective

A

monocular cues

75
Q

Something in front of another object affecting the way the size of it looks

A

interposition

76
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., Maxine’s new job is downwind from a dog food factory. At first, Maxine finds the smell horrendous. However, after a few days, Maxine no longer notices the smell.

A

Sensory Adaptation

77
Q

Justin bought some extremely bright lights to put in his dorm. These bright lights are characterized by:

A

Great Amplitude

78
Q

If Lily listens to T-Swift at 10 decibels & raises the volume 2 decibels, she can tell the music is louder. When T-Swift is playing at 40 decibels & Lily raises the volume 2 decibels, she can’t tell if it’s louder; to detect an increase in loudness, Lily has to raise the volume by 8 decibels, which best describes:

A

Weber’s law

79
Q

As a pharmacist, Emily has to interpret doctors’ handwriting to figure out what medication is prescribed. Here, Emily uses her previous experiences, expectations, & the overall context of the surrounding words, which is a process best described as:

A

Top-down processing

80
Q

Ian sees a person running at him in his peripheral visual field. Ian can see this person due to his:

A

Rods

81
Q

If Bob looks at a vertical line, he is activating different _______ than when he looks at a horizontal line.

A

Feature detectors

82
Q

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is known as the:

A

Blind spot

83
Q

The retina contains three kinds of color receptors.

A

Young-Helmholtz theory

Spring Semester (29 decks)

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