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Spring Semester > Psych Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Psych Quiz 8 Flashcards

1
Q

follows the same individuals across time

A

longitudinal research

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2
Q

Issues with _____: attrition effects

A

longitudinal research

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3
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Measuring the same college students throughout their time in college (orientation, midterms, finals, etc.)

A

longitudinal research

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4
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., People drop out of these studies (longitudinal).

A

attrition effects

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5
Q

measures & compares different age groups at a single point in time

A

cross-sectional research

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6
Q

issues with ______: cohort effects

A

cross-sectional research

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7
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., When you are finding differences in age groups, generational literacy (computer literacy, major events like 9/11, economic states) might be affecting the data and not the IV.

A

cohort effects

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8
Q

What are the major topics in Developmental Psych

A
  • continuity & stages
  • stability & change
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9
Q

genes impact both experience – & effects – of environments

A

genotype - environment perspective

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10
Q

What does genotype - environment perspective include?

A
  1. passive
  2. evocative
  3. active
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11
Q

biological parents provide early environment (shared genes)

A

passive

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12
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Is development like climbing stairs (discrete) or a ramp (continous)

A

continuity & stages

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13
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Do we stay the same or do we change as we get older?

A

stability and changes

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14
Q

genes influences actions, which elicit responses from others

A

evocative

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15
Q

genes influence choice of different
environments

A

active

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16
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Your parents are not into sports, so you naturally are not into/do not play a sport.

A

passive

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17
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., An introvert child is likely to go up to others/make friends, so others are less likely to go up to them or befriend them.

A

evocative

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18
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Choosing/picking your own environment when you get older

A

active

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19
Q

Historically, development psych emphasized _______ & _______ practices of children from white, middle class backgrounds.

A

competencies & child-rearing

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20
Q

childrearing practices prepare a child to navigate challenges as an adult in that specific environment

A

cultural-ecological perspective

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21
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., A 4 year old in the suburbs using a wooden knife vs. a 4 year old using a machete in a tribe.

A

cultural-ecological perspective

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22
Q

egg exerts choice over sperm

A

fertilization

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23
Q

day 0–2 weeks

A

zygote (fertilized egg)

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24
Q

implantation of zygote is _________

A

~day 10

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25
Q

substances (e.g., drugs, bacteria, viruses) that cause harm during prenatal development

A

teratogens

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26
Q

The __________ makes it more difficult for the zygote to implant.

A

uterine lining

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27
Q

(weeks 2 - 9)

A

embryo

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28
Q

embryo: weeks ______ : folic acid needed to prevent major birth defects

A

weeks 3 - 4

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29
Q

embryo: week(s) ______ : Y chromosome engages testes to develop & produce T

A

week 7

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30
Q

(9 weeks - birth)

A

fetus

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31
Q

sex hormones in fetal brain support female/male wiring

A

months 4 - 6

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32
Q

rapid development of neural networks in infancy aids in:
-______ development
- _______ development

A

motor; cognitive

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33
Q

In infant brain development, more _____ are being formed.

A

synapses

34
Q

rolling - unsupported sitting - crawling - walking

A

Universal sequence

35
Q

timing varies based on genes & parents’ expectations

A

Universal sequence

36
Q

How do we study infants?
- heavy reliance on _______ and cool ________ (e.g., eye tracking software)

A

observations and technology

37
Q

decrease in responding with repeated exposure

A

habituation

38
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., infants look longer at things they
find more interesting / surprising.

A

habituation

39
Q

ability to recognize one’s individuality

A

self awareness

40
Q

measured via mirror self-recognition test

A

self awareness

41
Q

develops gradually: ~18 months

A

self awareness

42
Q

believed children’s minds develop in stages

A

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

43
Q

framework that organizes & interprets information

A

build schemas

44
Q

use & adjust schemas through:
_______ & _______

A

assimilation & accommodation

45
Q

interpret new experiences through existing schemas

A

assimilation

46
Q

adapting current schemas to incorporate new info

A

accommodation

47
Q

take in world through actions & senses

A

Sensorimotor (birth - 2)

48
Q

knowing things continue to exist even when we can’t see them – develops gradually ~6-8 months

A

object permanence

49
Q

“out of sight, out of mind.”

A

before 6 months

50
Q

What is this an example of?
Age being related to height.

A

assimilation

51
Q

Babies know more than we think they do

A

Birth – age 2

52
Q

expect that resources will be distributed
equally between people (but not objects) at 12 mos.

A

fairness expectations

53
Q

prefer interacting with unfamiliar others who behave fairly (vs. unfairly) at 13-17 mos.

A

fairness expectations

54
Q

What is this an example of?
longer looking time = more surprise

A

fairness expectations

55
Q

can represent things with words & images but lack ability to perform logical mental operations

A

Preoperational (2 - 6/7)

56
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., imagine hypothetical actions

A

Preoperational (2 - 6/7)

57
Q

knowing properties of mass, volume, &
number remain the same despite changes in form of objects

A

lack conservation

58
Q

perceive & interpret through lens of the self; difficulty taking another’s point

A

are egocentric

59
Q

ability to infer thoughts, feelings &
perceptions of others; big leap around 4-5 yrs.

A

lack theory of mind

60
Q

What is this an example of?
theory of mind measured via false belief task

A

lack theory of mind

61
Q

can think logically about concrete (e.g., physical) materials & events; begin to understand simple math & conservation

A

concrete operational (7 - 11)

62
Q

can think logically about abstract (e.g., imagined & symbolic) concepts

A

formal operational (12+)

63
Q

What is this an example of?
can consider hypothetical scenarios & consequences
(e.g., If I do X, then Y will happen.)

A

formal operational (12+)

64
Q

Cognitive development generally follows Piaget’s ________.

A

sequence

65
Q

But kids may develop competencies at ______ ages

A

younger

66
Q

Cognitive development more ________;
less _______

A

continuous; less discrete

67
Q

___________ believed kids’ minds grow through interaction with their social environment.

A

Vygotsky

68
Q

Parents & others provide a ______:
framework offering temporary support as
kids develop higher levels of thinking

A

scaffold

69
Q

_____ months: stranger anxiety when separated from caregivers

A

~8

70
Q

Infants form intense attachments with caregivers, characterized by ______ & ______

A

close emotional ties & proximity seeking

71
Q

Attachments form not only because
caregivers gratify biological needs… they
also provide _________ & ________

A

body contact & familiarity

72
Q

What is this an example of?
- e.g., Harlow’s monkey studies (1950s)

A

attachments

73
Q

Early, severe neglect/abuse increases risk for _________ problems.

A

attachment

74
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., Romanian orphanages in 1980s.

A

attachment problems due to severe neglect/abuse

75
Q

studied by observing children’s distress after separation from caregiver & closeness seeking upon return

A

attachment styles

76
Q
  • reflect differences in temperament & caregivers’ responsiveness
  • early attachment influences adult relationships, comfort with
    intimacy & affection
A

attachment styles

77
Q

distressed when separated but happy when parent returns

A

secure attachment style

78
Q

no distress when separated

A

avoidant attachment style

79
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., doesn’t acknowledge return of parent

A

avoidant attachment style

80
Q

distressed when separated and not comforted by return of parent

A

anxious attachment style

81
Q

What is this an example of?
Kids now know that not all 4-legged house pets are dogs, or doctors without medicine may be research doctors.

A

accommodation

82
Q

What is this an example of?
Kids think all 4-legged house pets are dogs.

A

assimilation

Spring Semester (28 decks)

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