Psych Quiz 8 Flashcards
follows the same individuals across time
longitudinal research
Issues with _____: attrition effects
longitudinal research
What is this an example of?
e.g., Measuring the same college students throughout their time in college (orientation, midterms, finals, etc.)
longitudinal research
What is this an example of?
e.g., People drop out of these studies (longitudinal).
attrition effects
measures & compares different age groups at a single point in time
cross-sectional research
issues with ______: cohort effects
cross-sectional research
What is this an example of?
e.g., When you are finding differences in age groups, generational literacy (computer literacy, major events like 9/11, economic states) might be affecting the data and not the IV.
cohort effects
What are the major topics in Developmental Psych
- continuity & stages
- stability & change
genes impact both experience – & effects – of environments
genotype - environment perspective
What does genotype - environment perspective include?
- passive
- evocative
- active
biological parents provide early environment (shared genes)
passive
What is this an example of?
e.g., Is development like climbing stairs (discrete) or a ramp (continous)
continuity & stages
What is this an example of?
e.g., Do we stay the same or do we change as we get older?
stability and changes
genes influences actions, which elicit responses from others
evocative
genes influence choice of different
environments
active
What is this an example of?
e.g., Your parents are not into sports, so you naturally are not into/do not play a sport.
passive
What is this an example of?
e.g., An introvert child is likely to go up to others/make friends, so others are less likely to go up to them or befriend them.
evocative
What is this an example of?
e.g., Choosing/picking your own environment when you get older
active
Historically, development psych emphasized _______ & _______ practices of children from white, middle class backgrounds.
competencies & child-rearing
childrearing practices prepare a child to navigate challenges as an adult in that specific environment
cultural-ecological perspective
What is this an example of?
e.g., A 4 year old in the suburbs using a wooden knife vs. a 4 year old using a machete in a tribe.
cultural-ecological perspective
egg exerts choice over sperm
fertilization
day 0–2 weeks
zygote (fertilized egg)
implantation of zygote is _________
~day 10
substances (e.g., drugs, bacteria, viruses) that cause harm during prenatal development
teratogens
The __________ makes it more difficult for the zygote to implant.
uterine lining
(weeks 2 - 9)
embryo
embryo: weeks ______ : folic acid needed to prevent major birth defects
weeks 3 - 4
embryo: week(s) ______ : Y chromosome engages testes to develop & produce T
week 7
(9 weeks - birth)
fetus
sex hormones in fetal brain support female/male wiring
months 4 - 6
rapid development of neural networks in infancy aids in:
-______ development
- _______ development
motor; cognitive
In infant brain development, more _____ are being formed.
synapses
rolling - unsupported sitting - crawling - walking
Universal sequence
timing varies based on genes & parents’ expectations
Universal sequence
How do we study infants?
- heavy reliance on _______ and cool ________ (e.g., eye tracking software)
observations and technology
decrease in responding with repeated exposure
habituation
What is this an example of?
e.g., infants look longer at things they
find more interesting / surprising.
habituation
ability to recognize one’s individuality
self awareness
measured via mirror self-recognition test
self awareness
develops gradually: ~18 months
self awareness
believed children’s minds develop in stages
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
framework that organizes & interprets information
build schemas
use & adjust schemas through:
_______ & _______
assimilation & accommodation
interpret new experiences through existing schemas
assimilation
adapting current schemas to incorporate new info
accommodation
take in world through actions & senses
Sensorimotor (birth - 2)
knowing things continue to exist even when we can’t see them – develops gradually ~6-8 months
object permanence
“out of sight, out of mind.”
before 6 months
What is this an example of?
Age being related to height.
assimilation
Babies know more than we think they do
Birth – age 2
expect that resources will be distributed
equally between people (but not objects) at 12 mos.
fairness expectations
prefer interacting with unfamiliar others who behave fairly (vs. unfairly) at 13-17 mos.
fairness expectations
What is this an example of?
longer looking time = more surprise
fairness expectations
can represent things with words & images but lack ability to perform logical mental operations
Preoperational (2 - 6/7)
What is this an example of?
e.g., imagine hypothetical actions
Preoperational (2 - 6/7)
knowing properties of mass, volume, &
number remain the same despite changes in form of objects
lack conservation
perceive & interpret through lens of the self; difficulty taking another’s point
are egocentric
ability to infer thoughts, feelings &
perceptions of others; big leap around 4-5 yrs.
lack theory of mind
What is this an example of?
theory of mind measured via false belief task
lack theory of mind
can think logically about concrete (e.g., physical) materials & events; begin to understand simple math & conservation
concrete operational (7 - 11)
can think logically about abstract (e.g., imagined & symbolic) concepts
formal operational (12+)
What is this an example of?
can consider hypothetical scenarios & consequences
(e.g., If I do X, then Y will happen.)
formal operational (12+)
Cognitive development generally follows Piaget’s ________.
sequence
But kids may develop competencies at ______ ages
younger
Cognitive development more ________;
less _______
continuous; less discrete
___________ believed kids’ minds grow through interaction with their social environment.
Vygotsky
Parents & others provide a ______:
framework offering temporary support as
kids develop higher levels of thinking
scaffold
_____ months: stranger anxiety when separated from caregivers
~8
Infants form intense attachments with caregivers, characterized by ______ & ______
close emotional ties & proximity seeking
Attachments form not only because
caregivers gratify biological needs… they
also provide _________ & ________
body contact & familiarity
What is this an example of?
- e.g., Harlow’s monkey studies (1950s)
attachments
Early, severe neglect/abuse increases risk for _________ problems.
attachment
What is this an example of?
E.g., Romanian orphanages in 1980s.
attachment problems due to severe neglect/abuse
studied by observing children’s distress after separation from caregiver & closeness seeking upon return
attachment styles
- reflect differences in temperament & caregivers’ responsiveness
- early attachment influences adult relationships, comfort with
intimacy & affection
attachment styles
distressed when separated but happy when parent returns
secure attachment style
no distress when separated
avoidant attachment style
What is this an example of?
e.g., doesn’t acknowledge return of parent
avoidant attachment style
distressed when separated and not comforted by return of parent
anxious attachment style
What is this an example of?
Kids now know that not all 4-legged house pets are dogs, or doctors without medicine may be research doctors.
accommodation
What is this an example of?
Kids think all 4-legged house pets are dogs.
assimilation
