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Spring Semester > PSYCH 102 Exam 2 > Flashcards

PSYCH 102 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

A

Motivation

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2
Q

What are the 4 perspectives of Motivation?

A
  • Instinct Theory
  • Drive-reduction theory
  • Arousal theory
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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3
Q
  • Fixed, unlearned pattern throughout species.
  • Genes predispose some species-typical behavior
A

Instinct

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4
Q

A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

A

Drive-reduction theory

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5
Q

Maintain a balanced state

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- Wanting to get a good job.

A

Incentive

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7
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- Don’t want to be hungry but don’t want to be too full.

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

Unmet needs create a drive, and that drive pushes us to reduce the need.

A

Drive-Reduction Theory

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9
Q
  • Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels.
  • High vs. Low
A

Arousal theory

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10
Q

performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a certain point

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

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11
Q

At the base are basic physiological needs; at the peak are the highest human needs.

A

Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs)

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12
Q

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Triggers the feeling of hunger when low

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Pumps out appetite suppressing hormones

A

Arcuate nucleus

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15
Q
  • “Weight Thermostat“
  • Now referred to as Settling Point
A

Set Point

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16
Q

The body’s resting rate of energy output

A

Basal metabolic rate

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17
Q

Humans automatically regulate caloric intake through a homeostatic system to prevent energy deficits and maintain ___________.

A

stable body weight

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18
Q

Biology: Salty and sweet are ______.

A

preferences

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19
Q

What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Friends and food
- Serving size is significant
- size of serving
- dinnerware
- cultural norms
- Selections stimulate
- Nudging nutrition

A

Tempting situations (Situational Influences on Eating)

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20
Q

No _______ obesity rate in any country in this period.

A

reduced

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21
Q
  • A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard
  • Involve much more than raw ability
  • Grit matters
A

Achievement Motivation

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22
Q
  • Most important male sex hormone
  • Males and females produce it
  • stimulates the growth of the male sex organs
  • development of the male sex characteristics
A

Testosterone

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23
Q
  • Women > males
  • contributes to female sex characteristics.
A

Estrogen

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24
Q
  • Excitement
  • Plateau
  • Orgasm
  • Resolution
    - Refractory period
    - Men & Women
A

The Sexual Response Cycle

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25
Q

Impair sexual arousal or functioning

A

Sexual Dysfunction

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26
Q

Often involve sexual motivation, especially sexual energy and arousal

A

Sexual Dysfunction

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27
Q

What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Erectile disorder
- Premature ejaculation
- Female orgasmic disorder
- Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

A

Sexual Dysfunctions

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28
Q

American Psychological Association (2013)

  • Classifies people who experience sexual desire in unusual ways as disordered only if:
A
  • The person experiences distress from unusual sexual interest. -or-
  • The interest entails harm or risk of harm to others.
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29
Q

Rates of sexually transmitted infections have________ in recent years, especially for people younger than 25.

A

increased

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30
Q

CDC report in 2022: Young people account for______ of new cases of sexually transmitted infections.

A

53%

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31
Q

Condom use effectiveness _____ by infection.

A

varies

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32
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- Pornography

A

External Stimuli

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33
Q

Sex:
95% of people ______ stimuli.

A

Imagine

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34
Q

_____ Influences:
- Sexual maturity
- Sex hormones, especially testosterone

A

Biological

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35
Q

_______ Influences:
- Exposure to stimulating conditions
- Sexual fantasies

A

Psychological

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36
Q

Characteristics of teens who _____ having sex
- High intelligence
- Religious engagement
- Father presence
- Participation in service learning program

A

delay

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37
Q

________ is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed

A

Sexual orientation

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38
Q

Male homosexuality often appears to be transmitted from the _________.

A

mother’s side of the family.

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39
Q

Brain Differences in _________
- Size of one hypothalamic cell cluster
- Reaction of hypothalamus to certain smells

A

Sexual Orientation

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40
Q

There are _____ and _____ that influence Sexual Orientation.

A

Brain Differences and Genetic influences

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41
Q

The consistency of the brain, genetic, and prenatal findings has swung the pendulum toward a biological explanation of _________.

A

sexual orientation

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42
Q

Humans are innately ______ beings

A

social

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43
Q

The need to belong affects _______.

A

thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

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44
Q

Feelings of love activate the brain ________.

A

reward and safety systems

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45
Q

______ increases the risk for mental decline and poor health.

A

Social isolation

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46
Q

The innate human desire to form and maintain meaningful social connection with others.

A

Affiliation need

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47
Q

Being around others increases ______.

A

Health and well-being

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48
Q

Being socially excluded (ostracism) threatens _______.

A

the need to belong

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49
Q

What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Pain
- Anterior cingulate cortex is activated

  • Interferes with empathy
  • Aggression
  • Self-defeating behavior
  • Mental decline
  • Ill health
  • Disagreeableness
A

The Pain of Being Shut Out

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50
Q

Emotions are adaptive responses that support ______.

A

survival

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51
Q

What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Bodily arousal
- Expressive behaviors
- Conscious experiences

A

Emotional components

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52
Q

Children weigh _____ to their parents.

A

Similar

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53
Q

Friends tend to weigh ____.

A

similar

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54
Q

Written communication lacks: _________

A

gestures
facial expressions
voice tones

55
Q

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

  • disposition
  • emotional cues
  • more empathic
  • more emotionally expressive with their faces
A

Women

56
Q

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
- circumstance

A

Men

57
Q

Facial muscles speak a _____ for some basic emotions

A

universal language

58
Q

Individualistic countries are ____ expressive.

A

more

59
Q

Collectivist countries are ____ expressive.

A

less

60
Q
  • Facial expressions & feelings
  • Mimic = empathy
A

The facial feedback effect

61
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- If you smile you tend to feel happy.

A

The facial feedback effect

62
Q

Behavior & thoughts, feelings, and actions.

A

The behavior feedback effect

63
Q

A psychological concept where an individual’s behavior can influence and alter their own thoughts and feelings.

A

The behavior feedback effect

64
Q

________ emotions (Izard)
- joy
- interest-excitement
- surprise
- sadness
- anger
- disgust
- contempt
- fear
- shame
- guilt

A

10 basic

65
Q

a powerful emotional release that, when successful, is accompanied by cognitive insight and positive change

A

Catharsis

66
Q

When we’re happy we tend to do good or do nice things.

A

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

67
Q
  • Positive well-being
  • Positive character
  • Communities and culture
A

Positive psychology

68
Q

Happiness influences _________.

A

all facets of life

69
Q

Emotional ups and downs tend to _______.

A

balance out

70
Q

Moods typically ______.

A

rebound

71
Q

Does wealth correlate with well-being?

A

Yes

72
Q

Money ______ buy happiness.

A

does not

73
Q

83% of freshmen say that _______ is “very important“ or “essential.“

A

wealth

74
Q

Comparing how you are doing now to how you did in the past.

A

Adaptation-level phenomenon

75
Q

Prior experience partly influences

A

Adaptation-level phenomenon

76
Q

Satisfaction comes from rank rather than level

A

Comparison

77
Q

Comparing how you are doing to how others are doing.

A

Comparison

78
Q

Arousal comes before emotion.

A

James-Lange theory

79
Q

Experience of emotion involves awareness of our
physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

A

James-Lange theory

80
Q

Arousal and emotion happen at the same time.

A

Cannon-Bard theory

81
Q

Emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1)physiological responses and
(2) the subjective experience of emotion.

A

Cannon-Bard theory

82
Q

Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive
responses rather than causing them.

A

Cannon-Bard theory

83
Q

Arousal + Label = Emotion

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

84
Q

Emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and
cognitive appraisal.

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

85
Q

Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it.

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

86
Q

Emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal.

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

87
Q

Arousal spills over from one event to the next, influencing the response.

A

Spillover effect

88
Q

Spillover effect falls under ____ theory.

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

89
Q

Sometimes emotional response takes a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to the amygdala.

A

Zajonc

90
Q

The brain processes much information without conscious awareness, but mental functioning still takes place.

A

Lazarus

91
Q

Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous.

A

Lazarus

92
Q

Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking.

A

Zajonc

93
Q

The arousal component of emotion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) divisions.

A

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

94
Q

In a crisis, the fight-or-flight response automatically mobilizes the body for action.

A

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

95
Q

Arousal affects performance in different ways, depending on the task.
- Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks.

A

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

96
Q

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

A

Stress

97
Q

_________ viewed the stress response as a “fight-or-flight” system.

A

Cannon

98
Q

During a threat instead of fighting or fleeing the person tends to a loved one (preferably a child) and seek social support networks.

A

Tend-and-befriend response

99
Q

What is this an example of?
Phase 1: Stressor occurs
Phase 2: Resistance
Phase 3: Exhaustion

A

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

100
Q

The body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in.

A

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

101
Q

The __________ is affected by:
- age
- nutrition
- genetics
- body temperature
- stress

A

immune system

102
Q

Self-attacking diseases occur when ________.

A

Immune system reacts too strongly

103
Q

Bacterial infections flare up and cancer cells multiply when _______.

A

Immune system under-reacts.

104
Q

Stress hormones ______ the immune system.

A

suppress

105
Q

1 cause of death in US

A

Heart disease

106
Q

Happy and consistently satisfied people tend to be healthy and to ______ their unhappy peers

A

outlive

107
Q
  • Problem-focused
  • Emotion-focused
  • Controllable vs. uncontrollable
A

Coping methods

108
Q

__________ Predicts:
- increased stress hormones
- increased blood pressure
- decreased immune responses

A

Loss of Control

109
Q

Reduce stress directly

A

Problem-focused Coping Skills

110
Q

Tend to that stress emotion/feelings

A

Emotion-focused coping

111
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- Meditating

A

Emotion-focused coping

112
Q

Something outside of us has control

A

External locus of control

113
Q

You feel you have control of your destiny

A

Internal locus of control

114
Q

Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
- Requires energy
- Many Benefits

A

Self Control

115
Q

Benefits:
-Fights illness
- Calms cardiovascular system
- Immune functioning

A

Social Support

116
Q
  • Increases heart and lung fitness.
  • Reduces stress, depression, and anxiety.
  • Weaken the influence of genetic risk for obesity
  • Increases the quality and “quantity” of life (~2 years)
A

Aerobic exercise

117
Q

What are some ways to reduce stress?

A
  • Relaxation
  • Relaxation training
  • Mindfulness meditation
  • Faith factor
118
Q

What are three ways religious involvement possibly correlates to better health?

A
  • Healthy behaviors (no smoking or drinking)
  • Social Support
  • Positive Emotions
119
Q

The word for social exclusion

A

ostracism

120
Q

Signals to brain to suppress appetite

A

Leptin

121
Q

Signals to brain to stimulate appetite

A

Ghrelin

122
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.

A

Schachter-Singer Theory

122
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid.

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

123
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.

A

James-Lange

124
Q

We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.

A

Zajonc; LeDoux Theory

125
Q

What is this an example of?
Ex.- The sound is “just the wind.”

A

Lazarus Theory

126
Q

An individual’s sense of identifying as male, female, or another gender identity

A

gender

127
Q

A decrease in hormones occurring later in life

A

menopause

128
Q

“Weight thermostat”

A

Set point

129
Q

Positive or negative stimulus that motivates you

A

Incentive

130
Q

A surge in hormones during the tween and teen years

A

puberty

131
Q

Three motivators we discussed were hunger, the
need to belong and _____.

A

sex

132
Q

______ reduction theory is the idea that we are
motivated to maintain a balance between stimulation
and relaxation

A

Drive

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