PSYCH 102 Exam 2 Flashcards
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Motivation
What are the 4 perspectives of Motivation?
- Instinct Theory
- Drive-reduction theory
- Arousal theory
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Fixed, unlearned pattern throughout species.
- Genes predispose some species-typical behavior
Instinct
A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Drive-reduction theory
Maintain a balanced state
Homeostasis
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Wanting to get a good job.
Incentive
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Don’t want to be hungry but don’t want to be too full.
Homeostasis
Unmet needs create a drive, and that drive pushes us to reduce the need.
Drive-Reduction Theory
- Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels.
- High vs. Low
Arousal theory
performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a certain point
Yerkes-Dodson law
At the base are basic physiological needs; at the peak are the highest human needs.
Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs)
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
Glucose
Triggers the feeling of hunger when low
Glucose
Pumps out appetite suppressing hormones
Arcuate nucleus
- “Weight Thermostat“
- Now referred to as Settling Point
Set Point
The body’s resting rate of energy output
Basal metabolic rate
Humans automatically regulate caloric intake through a homeostatic system to prevent energy deficits and maintain ___________.
stable body weight
Biology: Salty and sweet are ______.
preferences
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Friends and food
- Serving size is significant
- size of serving
- dinnerware
- cultural norms
- Selections stimulate
- Nudging nutrition
Tempting situations (Situational Influences on Eating)
No _______ obesity rate in any country in this period.
reduced
- A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard
- Involve much more than raw ability
- Grit matters
Achievement Motivation
- Most important male sex hormone
- Males and females produce it
- stimulates the growth of the male sex organs
- development of the male sex characteristics
Testosterone
- Women > males
- contributes to female sex characteristics.
Estrogen
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
- Refractory period
- Men & Women
The Sexual Response Cycle
Impair sexual arousal or functioning
Sexual Dysfunction
Often involve sexual motivation, especially sexual energy and arousal
Sexual Dysfunction
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Erectile disorder
- Premature ejaculation
- Female orgasmic disorder
- Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
American Psychological Association (2013)
- Classifies people who experience sexual desire in unusual ways as disordered only if:
- The person experiences distress from unusual sexual interest. -or-
- The interest entails harm or risk of harm to others.
Rates of sexually transmitted infections have________ in recent years, especially for people younger than 25.
increased
CDC report in 2022: Young people account for______ of new cases of sexually transmitted infections.
53%
Condom use effectiveness _____ by infection.
varies
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Pornography
External Stimuli
Sex:
95% of people ______ stimuli.
Imagine
_____ Influences:
- Sexual maturity
- Sex hormones, especially testosterone
Biological
_______ Influences:
- Exposure to stimulating conditions
- Sexual fantasies
Psychological
Characteristics of teens who _____ having sex
- High intelligence
- Religious engagement
- Father presence
- Participation in service learning program
delay
________ is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed
Sexual orientation
Male homosexuality often appears to be transmitted from the _________.
mother’s side of the family.
Brain Differences in _________
- Size of one hypothalamic cell cluster
- Reaction of hypothalamus to certain smells
Sexual Orientation
There are _____ and _____ that influence Sexual Orientation.
Brain Differences and Genetic influences
The consistency of the brain, genetic, and prenatal findings has swung the pendulum toward a biological explanation of _________.
sexual orientation
Humans are innately ______ beings
social
The need to belong affects _______.
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
Feelings of love activate the brain ________.
reward and safety systems
______ increases the risk for mental decline and poor health.
Social isolation
The innate human desire to form and maintain meaningful social connection with others.
Affiliation need
Being around others increases ______.
Health and well-being
Being socially excluded (ostracism) threatens _______.
the need to belong
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Pain
- Anterior cingulate cortex is activated
- Interferes with empathy
- Aggression
- Self-defeating behavior
- Mental decline
- Ill health
- Disagreeableness
The Pain of Being Shut Out
Emotions are adaptive responses that support ______.
survival
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Bodily arousal
- Expressive behaviors
- Conscious experiences
Emotional components
Children weigh _____ to their parents.
Similar
Friends tend to weigh ____.
similar
Written communication lacks: _________
gestures
facial expressions
voice tones
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
- disposition
- emotional cues
- more empathic
- more emotionally expressive with their faces
Women
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
- circumstance
Men
Facial muscles speak a _____ for some basic emotions
universal language
Individualistic countries are ____ expressive.
more
Collectivist countries are ____ expressive.
less
- Facial expressions & feelings
- Mimic = empathy
The facial feedback effect
What is this an example of?
Ex.- If you smile you tend to feel happy.
The facial feedback effect
Behavior & thoughts, feelings, and actions.
The behavior feedback effect
A psychological concept where an individual’s behavior can influence and alter their own thoughts and feelings.
The behavior feedback effect
________ emotions (Izard)
- joy
- interest-excitement
- surprise
- sadness
- anger
- disgust
- contempt
- fear
- shame
- guilt
10 basic
a powerful emotional release that, when successful, is accompanied by cognitive insight and positive change
Catharsis
When we’re happy we tend to do good or do nice things.
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
- Positive well-being
- Positive character
- Communities and culture
Positive psychology
Happiness influences _________.
all facets of life
Emotional ups and downs tend to _______.
balance out
Moods typically ______.
rebound
Does wealth correlate with well-being?
Yes
Money ______ buy happiness.
does not
83% of freshmen say that _______ is “very important“ or “essential.“
wealth
Comparing how you are doing now to how you did in the past.
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Prior experience partly influences
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Satisfaction comes from rank rather than level
Comparison
Comparing how you are doing to how others are doing.
Comparison
Arousal comes before emotion.
James-Lange theory
Experience of emotion involves awareness of our
physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
James-Lange theory
Arousal and emotion happen at the same time.
Cannon-Bard theory
Emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1)physiological responses and
(2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Cannon-Bard theory
Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive
responses rather than causing them.
Cannon-Bard theory
Arousal + Label = Emotion
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and
cognitive appraisal.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Arousal spills over from one event to the next, influencing the response.
Spillover effect
Spillover effect falls under ____ theory.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Sometimes emotional response takes a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to the amygdala.
Zajonc
The brain processes much information without conscious awareness, but mental functioning still takes place.
Lazarus
Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous.
Lazarus
Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking.
Zajonc
The arousal component of emotion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) divisions.
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
In a crisis, the fight-or-flight response automatically mobilizes the body for action.
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Arousal affects performance in different ways, depending on the task.
- Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks.
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress
_________ viewed the stress response as a “fight-or-flight” system.
Cannon
During a threat instead of fighting or fleeing the person tends to a loved one (preferably a child) and seek social support networks.
Tend-and-befriend response
What is this an example of?
Phase 1: Stressor occurs
Phase 2: Resistance
Phase 3: Exhaustion
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
The body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in.
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
The __________ is affected by:
- age
- nutrition
- genetics
- body temperature
- stress
immune system
Self-attacking diseases occur when ________.
Immune system reacts too strongly
Bacterial infections flare up and cancer cells multiply when _______.
Immune system under-reacts.
Stress hormones ______ the immune system.
suppress
1 cause of death in US
Heart disease
Happy and consistently satisfied people tend to be healthy and to ______ their unhappy peers
outlive
- Problem-focused
- Emotion-focused
- Controllable vs. uncontrollable
Coping methods
__________ Predicts:
- increased stress hormones
- increased blood pressure
- decreased immune responses
Loss of Control
Reduce stress directly
Problem-focused Coping Skills
Tend to that stress emotion/feelings
Emotion-focused coping
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Meditating
Emotion-focused coping
Something outside of us has control
External locus of control
You feel you have control of your destiny
Internal locus of control
Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
- Requires energy
- Many Benefits
Self Control
Benefits:
-Fights illness
- Calms cardiovascular system
- Immune functioning
Social Support
- Increases heart and lung fitness.
- Reduces stress, depression, and anxiety.
- Weaken the influence of genetic risk for obesity
- Increases the quality and “quantity” of life (~2 years)
Aerobic exercise
What are some ways to reduce stress?
- Relaxation
- Relaxation training
- Mindfulness meditation
- Faith factor
What are three ways religious involvement possibly correlates to better health?
- Healthy behaviors (no smoking or drinking)
- Social Support
- Positive Emotions
The word for social exclusion
ostracism
Signals to brain to suppress appetite
Leptin
Signals to brain to stimulate appetite
Ghrelin
What is this an example of?
Ex.- We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.
Schachter-Singer Theory
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid.
Cannon-Bard Theory
What is this an example of?
Ex.- We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.
James-Lange
We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.
Zajonc; LeDoux Theory
What is this an example of?
Ex.- The sound is “just the wind.”
Lazarus Theory
An individual’s sense of identifying as male, female, or another gender identity
gender
A decrease in hormones occurring later in life
menopause
“Weight thermostat”
Set point
Positive or negative stimulus that motivates you
Incentive
A surge in hormones during the tween and teen years
puberty
Three motivators we discussed were hunger, the
need to belong and _____.
sex
______ reduction theory is the idea that we are
motivated to maintain a balance between stimulation
and relaxation
Drive
