Psych Quiz 10 Flashcards
random
variable
If behavior is increasing then it is ________ Reinforcement.
Positive
A generalized reinforcer that is characterized by physical traits applied to it.
token
What is this an example of?
e.g., A point system, tokens, tickets, etc.
token economy
Stimulus/event following a behavior that ↓s the probability of the behavior being repeated
Punishment
_______ isn’t the same thing as negative reinforcement..
Punishment
↓s probability of behavior
Punishment
↑s probability of behavior
negative reinforcement
Consists of adding something
Positive (+) Punishment
What is this an example of?
e.g., Dog chews on wall + yelling at dog = dog stops chewing on wall
Positive (+) Punishment
Consists of removing something
Negative (–) Punishment
What is this an example of?
e.g., Person swears a lot + Introduce swear jar = Stops cursing
Negative (–) Punishment
Effects appear to be temporary
Problems with punishment
Reinforces any behavior that ↓s
the probability of punishment.
Problems with punishment
Extinction or condition incompatible behaviors.
Alternatives to punishment
What is this an example of?
e.g., A kid being bad - ignore bad behavior
Alternatives to punishment
Reinforcing successive approximations of goal behavior
Shaping
What is this an example of?
e.g.,
- Reinforcing bad behavior that leads to what you want
- A teacher makes you submit essay topic, then essay outline, then essay rough draft
Shaping
Timing/frequency of reinforcement
Reinforcement schedule
Reinforce behavior every time it occurs.
Continuous Schedule
What is this an example of?
e.g., Giving dog a treat every time it sits
Continuous Schedule
Pro of _______ Schedule: Quicker learning
Continuous Schedule
A con of _____ Schedule: No reinforce = no behavior
Continuous Schedule
Reinforce behavior frequently/once in a while.
Intermittent
What is this an example of?
e.g., Sometimes you give your dog a treat when they sit.
Intermittent
Pro of ______ Schedule: ↑ sustained w/o reinforcement.
Intermittent
Con of ______ Schedule: ↓ learning
Intermittent
reinforce after a set amount of time
– activity ↑s near set time
fixed interval
What is this an example of?
e.g., Kid gets allowance at the end of the week, so they wait until the end of the week to clean room.
fixed interval
Time
interval
Number of responses
ratio
reinforce after a fixed number of responses
– activity ↓s after reinforcer
fixed ratio
What is this an example of?
e.g., Buy three get one free
fixed ratio
time of / between reinforcement varies
– moderate & steady activity
variable interval
What is this an example of?
e.g., Your boss stopping by; a health inspector visiting
Variable interval
reinforce after a changing number of responses
– ↑-est activity of all schedules
Variable ratio
What is this an example of?
e.g., Slot machines, lottery, social media
Variable ratio
_______ processes influence conditioning.
Cognitive
behavior shaped by consequences
– reinforcement: increases behavior
– punishment: decreases behavior
operant conditioning
– stimulus presented (added) or removed
– not “good” or “bad”
positive vs. negative
learning that isn’t apparent until there’s an incentive
latent learning
What is this an example of?
e.g., A dog not sitting when there isn’t a treat or a dog only sitting for a treat.
latent learning
We’re sometimes aware of our own ________.
Conditionings
desire to perform behavior solely for its own sake
intrinsic motivation
What is this an example of?
e.g., internal desire; motivation
intrinsic motivation
desire to perform behavior to receive
reward or avoid punishment
extrinsic motivation
What is this an example of?
e.g., Disulfiram makes me sick if I drink = Reduced treatment effectiveness
extrinsic motivation
_______ motivation is more likely to keep behavior going.
Intrinsic
______ + money = excessive rewards can ruin intrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
Conditioning isn’t the only form of ________.
learning
acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, watching others, or through language
cognitive learning
learning by observing & imitating others
observational learning
What is this an example of?
e.g., Watching a YouTube video to learn how to make ramen.
observational learning
process of observing & imitating a specific behavior
modeling
observed aggression = ______ aggression
more
learning by observing others receiving reinforcement/ punishment
vicarious learning
What is this an example of?
e.g., Child observes an adult being scolded for hitting Bobo doll = less aggression
vicarious learning
sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from the environment
sensation
process of organizing & interpreting sensory information
* enables us to recognize meaningful objects & events
perception
begins with sensory receptors & works up to the brain’s integration of sensory info
bottom-up processing (sensation)
What is this an example of?
e.g., hmaun
bottom-up processing (sensation)
construct perceptions drawing from experience & expectations
top-down processing (perception)
What is this an example of?
e.g., You don’t need all of the words to be spelled accurately because of prior knowledge.
top-down processing (perception)
Conversion of one form of energy into another.
In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies (e.g., sight) into neural impulses our brain can interpret
transduction
The relationship between sensation & perception is impaired in _______.
Capgras Delusion
What is this an example of when recognizing someone?
e.g., Recognition of emotional history with person who has those features.
top-down processing (perception)
What is this an example of when recognizing someone?
e.g., Those features match
those of my friend Tom.
bottom-up processing (sensation)
What process isn’t included in Capgras Delusion?
e.g., They recognize someone, but don’t feel any connection to them.
top-down processing (perception)
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
absolute threshold
input below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness
subliminal
What is this an example of?
e.g., You think you hear music outside
absolute threshold
What is this an example of?
e.g., Where’s Waldo game
subliminal
