Psych Quiz 9 Flashcards
_____ parenting style: controlling, punitive, impose rules, & expect obedience
authoritarian
_____ parenting style: involved, but set few limits & use little punishment
permissive
_____ parenting style: set rules, encourage discussion, allow exceptions
authoritative
_____ parenting style: uninvolved
negligent
________ - stage of life not just for humans.
Adolescence
_______ dogs: reduced trainability & responsiveness to commands
adolescent
______ mice: increased exploratory drive
adolescent
Transitionary period (child to adulthood)
Adolescence
Adolescence sequence of physical changes are _______; timing is not
predictable
________ in female (humans): 7 - 13 yrs. old
Adolescence
______ in male (humans): 9.5 - 13.5 yrs. old
Adolescence
What is this an example of?
e.g., synaptogenesis, pruning, myelination
Frontal lobe development
_________ development improves judgment, impulse control, & long-term planning
Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe development is _______ than other changes accompanying puberty.
slower
____________ & __________ changes promote:
– impulsiveness, risk taking, emotional reactivity, thrill seeking, & focus on immediate rewards
Hormonal surge & limbic system
Involves developing coherent sense of identity
Adolescent social development
_______ cultures: try out different selves in different situations; eventually combine into a consistent identity
individualistic
______ cultures: culture teaches adolescents who they are
collectivistic
___________ is important, but more so for Western cultures
Peer acceptance
________ is thought to be the best style of parenting.
Authoritative
Mice don’t like to be _________, in general they prefer to stay in the closed arms.
out in the open
The start of ______: physical beginnings of sexual maturation (i.e., puberty)
Adolescence
_______ time of puberty is increasing.
Earlier
_______ (humans) enter puberty earlier than _____ (humans).
Female; male
_______ who enter puberty earlier tend to be more popular, confident, at risk for early sex & alcohol use, increased social benefits.
Boys
_________ traditionally ended when one achieved adult independence, including marriage & childbirth
Adolescence
Adolescence, historically, ended shortly after achieving ________.
sexual maturity
Adolescents today take _____ to establish themselves as “adults.”
longer
Western cultures (e.g., U.S.): later independence + earlier sexual maturity = _____________
longer transition to adulthood
18-mid-20s (after sexual maturity but before full adult independence achieved)
emerging adulthood
Adult developmental stages are less _____ & more _______ than earlier in life.
discrete; variable
Adults differ physically, cognitively, &
socially across:
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood
Is from 20s - 30s.
early adulthood
Is from 40s - 65.
middle adulthood
Is from 65+
late adulthood
muscle strength, cardiac output, reaction time, sensory keenness, etc.
Adult physical development
_________: Physical abilities peak in mid-20s; subtle decline after mid-20s
Adult physical development
________: Decline gradually accelerates in middle adulthood (40s-50s), but has more to do with health than age
Adult physical development
_______ also associated with decline in fertility.
Middle adulthood
Some ______ peak in middle
adulthood through late adulthood.
skills
_______: Physical decline becomes more noticeable
Late adulthood (65+)
_________: Diminished: strength, reaction time, stamina, & sensory abilities
Late adulthood (65+)
Brain areas important for memory & impulse control ________ with age.
atrophy
Like physical abilities, ________ abilities decline with age.
cognitive
__________ remember some things well (events, music, movies from their teens & 20s)
older adults
__________ better at remembering:
* new names & meaningless info.
* to do things in the future
(“prospective memory”)
younger adults
________: cognition declines most steeply in last 3-4 yrs.
* decreased drive to learn or connect socially
terminal decline
Older adults who ________:
o stronger muscles/bones
o more energy
o mentally quicker
o enhanced memory, sharper judgment
exercise
________ stimulates synaptogenesis, reduces brain shrinkage & may slow progression of Alzheimer’s especially when paired with mental activities (e.g., reading).
Exercise
According to Erikson, the main psychosocial tasks in adulthood are:
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity (work) vs. Stagnation
Remembering things you need to do (e.g., exam dates, Homework, meetings, etc.,)
Prospective memory
Adult social development: ______
* Meet at school, work, or
through friends & family.
* Today: Many meet online!
Love
________ ↑ satisfying when partners share similar interests, values, & intimate self disclosures + provide emotional/material support
Relationships
________ + related to happiness, sexual satisfaction, income, & health.
Marriage
Adult social development: ________
* “What we do” often defines us.
* Choosing a career is difficult!
* Many switch careers or end up
in careers they didn’t expect
when they started college.
Work
________ = finding work that matches interests + provides a sense of competence & accomplishment
happiness
Most older adults _______ things they failed to do more than mistakes they’ve made.
regret
↑ confidence, self-esteem, sense of identity, & stability.
– Adult moods less extreme & more enduring
Midlife
Positive feelings ↑ after _______.
– Until terminal decline, when negative feelings ↑
midlife
________ generally satisfied with their lives
– But have fewer friends & are lonelier…
Older adults
Development occurs across _________. Each stage characterized by physical, cognitive, & social growth & change.
life-span
Kids, adolescents, & adults think & interact somewhat ________.
differently
Cognitive & physical skills _______ throughout infancy, childhood,
& adolescence, before beginning to _____ in adulthood
increase; decline
As adults, happiness & well-being largely influenced by _______ & ______.
relationships & work
process of acquiring new & relatively enduring info. or behaviors through experience
learning
learning that certain events occur together (i.e., classical & operant conditioning)
associative learning
acquiring mental info. through observing
events, watching others, or through language
cognitive learning
type of learning where 2+ stimuli are linked; 1st stimulus comes to elicit a behavior in anticipation of the 2nd stimulus
classical conditioning
any situation or event that elicits a response
stimulus
automatic, involuntary behavior caused by a stimulus
respondent behaviors
What is this an example of?
e.g., Jumping when scared.
respondent behaviors
stimulus that - naturally & automatically - triggers a response
unconditioned stimulus (US)
unlearned, naturally occurring
response to the US
unconditioned response (UR)
stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
neutral stimulus (NS)
What is this an example of?
e.g., Food; air puff
unconditioned stimulus (US)
What is this an example of?
e.g., salivating, fear, blinking, sexual stimulation
unconditioned response (UR)
What is this an example of?
e.g., a bell or a sexy song
neutral stimulus (NS)
after being paired with the US, previously neutral stimulus produce reaction
conditioned stimulus (CS)
learned response to CS
* resembles UR - but produced by CS
conditioned response (CR)
_______ stage: linking NS & US.
NS begins triggering the CR.
Acquisition
___________:
- Discovered classical conditioning in dogs.
- Published research on classical conditioning in 1903.
Ivan Pavlov
_________:
- Discovered classical conditioning in 1902 in humans.
- procedure: bell - hammer on patella knee jerk
* one day: bell - no hammer - knee jerk
– hammer = US | knee jerk = UR
– bell = CS | knee jerk = CR
Edwin B. Twitmyer
creating a new CS based on previously learned CS
higher-order conditioning
gradual elimination of CR; occurs when CS repeatedly presented without US
extinction
tendency of an extinguished CR to reappear after a rest period.
spontaneous recovery
What is this an example of?
e.g., drug cravings: people/settings/objects may be a CS to cravings
real-life applications of classical conditioning
classical conditioning typically requires:
* very _____ time interval between presentation of CS & US
* _______ trials for association to be learned
short; several
conditioned taste aversion
Garcia effect
What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. A rat is given sweet water. Taste (CS)
2. Nausea induced by Radiation (US)
3. Taste aversion (CR)
Garcia effect
- only one trial to learn
- occurs despite hours-long delay between CS & US
- only occurs with biologically-adaptive CS (taste) - not to light or sound
Garcia effect
- occurs in other settings (e.g., chemo patients)
- effect stronger for novel (vs. familiar) foods
Garcia effect
According to ________, psychology should: be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
behaviorism
Believed emotions & behaviors were mainly conditioned responses.
Watson
Conducted famous “Little Albert” studies
to test this reasoning
Watson
once response conditioned, stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus may elicit similar responses
generalization
What is this an example of?
e.g., A fear of rats (CS) leads to fear of similar stimuli (a dog, santa’s beard, and a rabbit)
generalization
ability to distinguish between CS & similar, but irrelevant, stimuli
discrimination
type of behavioral therapy for phobias
* gradually substitutes relaxation response to conditioned stimulus using counter conditioning
systematic desensitization
o Form of associative learning.
o Involves linking two or more stimuli & learning to anticipate events.
o Only occurs with involuntary, automatic (i.e., respondent) behaviors.
o Typically requires several trials to learn.
classical conditioning
o only involves automatic (i.e., respondent) behaviors
– e.g., salivation in response to food
o can’t explain how voluntary behaviors are acquired
classical conditioning
behaviors followed by…
* pleasant consequences become more likely
* unpleasant consequences become less likely
Thorndike law of effect
Created the Skinner Box, air crib, and taught pigeons to play ping-pong & guide missiles
B.F. Skinner
Behavior is shaped & maintained by its consequences.
Operant conditioning
voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences
operant
Alters the probability of a behavior
by manipulating its consequences.
Operant conditioning
________ to ↑ probability of a behavior.
Reinforce
_______ to ↓ the probability of a behavior.
Punish
alters the probability of a behavior
by manipulating the consequences of that behavior
operant conditioning
stimulus that precedes operant response
discriminative stimulus
actively emitted / voluntary behavior
operant response
stimulus / event that follows an operant response
consequence
Stimulus/event following a behavior that ↑s the probability of the behavior being repeated.
Reinforcement
Consists of adding something.
Positive (+) Reinforcement
Consists of removing something.
Negative (–) Reinforcement
What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. Taking a selfie.
2. Receive likes/go viral
3. You start taking more pictures as a result.
Positive (+) Reinforcement
What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. A dog cries inconsolably when locked in crate.
2. Owner lets dog sleep in people bed.
3. Dog stops crying
4. Dog now only sleep in people bed.
Negative (–) Reinforcement
________ reinforcer: inherently reinforcing (you don’t have to learn to like)
primary
What is this an example of?
e.g., A dog in pound who is scared of humans, slowly being introduced to human touch (petting & affection) and hand feeding.
Systematic desensitization
What is this an example of?
e.g., standing for the pledge of allegiance
operant response
What is this an example of?
e.g., The beeping sound in a car makes you put your seatbelt on to stop the beeping noise.
Negative (-) Reinforcement
reinforcing due to association with a
primary reinforcer (generalized if paired with +1 primary reinforcer)
conditioned reinforcer
Reinforcement defined solely by its effect on _______.
behavior
What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. A student acts out.
2. The teacher yells at them.
3. The student acts again and more.
Reinforcement
Stimuli/events not typically seen as positive can be _______.
reinforcing
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
social clock
You’re at the optometrist for a checkup. The optometrist does the infamous “air puff” test where a puff of air is blown into the eye, which causes you to blink like a maniac. Your blinking is a(n):
Unconditioned response (UR)
You’re at the optometrist for a checkup. The optometrist does the infamous “air puff” test where a puff of air is blown into the eye, which causes you to blink like a maniac. The air puff is a(n):
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
For the last couple of months, Mia has been a “social smoker” & only smokes at her friend’s apartment. Mia now craves a cigarette when she’s at her friend’s apartment. The apartment now represents a(n):
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
After you classically condition your nephew to fear frogs, he’s very afraid of frogs. However, your nephew shows no fear of other amphibians (e.g., salamanders) or reptiles (e.g., lizards), which best illustrates:
Discrimination
Bill went through years of intensive therapy to get over his fear of dogs. However, when Bill meets his girlfriend’s new pit bull, he experiences an unexpected surge of fear, which best illustrates:
Spontaneous recovery
Miriam feeds her dog people food at the table. Now, Miriam’s dog begs for people food whenever she eats at the table. Her dog doesn’t beg at the table if her partner is eating. Miriam, in this scenario, is the:
Discriminative stimulus
Dr. Bradshaw asks a question during class, which is met with a long, awkward silence. Dr. Bradshaw breaks the silence & answers the question. As the semester goes on, Dr. Bradshaw is more likely to answer the questions she poses to students while teaching. Dr. Bradshaw’s behavior best illustrates the process of:
Negative reinforcement
Seth decides to troll people on Reddit. People get mad & call him a terrible person, which he responds to with more trolling. This best illustrates the process of:
Positive reinforcement
