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Spring Semester > Psych Quiz 9 > Flashcards

Psych Quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ parenting style: controlling, punitive, impose rules, & expect obedience

A

authoritarian

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2
Q

_____ parenting style: involved, but set few limits & use little punishment

A

permissive

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3
Q

_____ parenting style: set rules, encourage discussion, allow exceptions

A

authoritative

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4
Q

_____ parenting style: uninvolved

A

negligent

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5
Q

________ - stage of life not just for humans.

A

Adolescence

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6
Q

_______ dogs: reduced trainability & responsiveness to commands

A

adolescent

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7
Q

______ mice: increased exploratory drive

A

adolescent

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8
Q

Transitionary period (child to adulthood)

A

Adolescence

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9
Q

Adolescence sequence of physical changes are _______; timing is not

A

predictable

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10
Q

________ in female (humans): 7 - 13 yrs. old

A

Adolescence

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11
Q

______ in male (humans): 9.5 - 13.5 yrs. old

A

Adolescence

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12
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., synaptogenesis, pruning, myelination

A

Frontal lobe development

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13
Q

_________ development improves judgment, impulse control, & long-term planning

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

Frontal lobe development is _______ than other changes accompanying puberty.

A

slower

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15
Q

____________ & __________ changes promote:
– impulsiveness, risk taking, emotional reactivity, thrill seeking, & focus on immediate rewards

A

Hormonal surge & limbic system

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16
Q

Involves developing coherent sense of identity

A

Adolescent social development

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17
Q

_______ cultures: try out different selves in different situations; eventually combine into a consistent identity

A

individualistic

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18
Q

______ cultures: culture teaches adolescents who they are

A

collectivistic

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19
Q

___________ is important, but more so for Western cultures

A

Peer acceptance

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20
Q

________ is thought to be the best style of parenting.

A

Authoritative

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21
Q

Mice don’t like to be _________, in general they prefer to stay in the closed arms.

A

out in the open

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22
Q

The start of ______: physical beginnings of sexual maturation (i.e., puberty)

A

Adolescence

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23
Q

_______ time of puberty is increasing.

A

Earlier

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24
Q

_______ (humans) enter puberty earlier than _____ (humans).

A

Female; male

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25
Q

_______ who enter puberty earlier tend to be more popular, confident, at risk for early sex & alcohol use, increased social benefits.

A

Boys

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26
Q

_________ traditionally ended when one achieved adult independence, including marriage & childbirth

A

Adolescence

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27
Q

Adolescence, historically, ended shortly after achieving ________.

A

sexual maturity

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28
Q

Adolescents today take _____ to establish themselves as “adults.”

A

longer

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29
Q

Western cultures (e.g., U.S.): later independence + earlier sexual maturity = _____________

A

longer transition to adulthood

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30
Q

18-mid-20s (after sexual maturity but before full adult independence achieved)

A

emerging adulthood

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31
Q

Adult developmental stages are less _____ & more _______ than earlier in life.

A

discrete; variable

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32
Q

Adults differ physically, cognitively, &
socially across:
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________

A

early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood

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33
Q

Is from 20s - 30s.

A

early adulthood

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34
Q

Is from 40s - 65.

A

middle adulthood

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35
Q

Is from 65+

A

late adulthood

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36
Q

muscle strength, cardiac output, reaction time, sensory keenness, etc.

A

Adult physical development

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37
Q

_________: Physical abilities peak in mid-20s; subtle decline after mid-20s

A

Adult physical development

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38
Q

________: Decline gradually accelerates in middle adulthood (40s-50s), but has more to do with health than age

A

Adult physical development

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39
Q

_______ also associated with decline in fertility.

A

Middle adulthood

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40
Q

Some ______ peak in middle
adulthood through late adulthood.

A

skills

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41
Q

_______: Physical decline becomes more noticeable

A

Late adulthood (65+)

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42
Q

_________: Diminished: strength, reaction time, stamina, & sensory abilities

A

Late adulthood (65+)

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43
Q

Brain areas important for memory & impulse control ________ with age.

A

atrophy

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44
Q

Like physical abilities, ________ abilities decline with age.

A

cognitive

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45
Q

__________ remember some things well (events, music, movies from their teens & 20s)

A

older adults

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46
Q

__________ better at remembering:
* new names & meaningless info.
* to do things in the future
(“prospective memory”)

A

younger adults

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47
Q

________: cognition declines most steeply in last 3-4 yrs.
* decreased drive to learn or connect socially

A

terminal decline

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48
Q

Older adults who ________:
o stronger muscles/bones
o more energy
o mentally quicker
o enhanced memory, sharper judgment

A

exercise

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49
Q

________ stimulates synaptogenesis, reduces brain shrinkage & may slow progression of Alzheimer’s especially when paired with mental activities (e.g., reading).

A

Exercise

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50
Q

According to Erikson, the main psychosocial tasks in adulthood are:

A
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation
  • Generativity (work) vs. Stagnation
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51
Q

Remembering things you need to do (e.g., exam dates, Homework, meetings, etc.,)

A

Prospective memory

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52
Q

Adult social development: ______
* Meet at school, work, or
through friends & family.
* Today: Many meet online!

A

Love

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53
Q

________ ↑ satisfying when partners share similar interests, values, & intimate self disclosures + provide emotional/material support

A

Relationships

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54
Q

________ + related to happiness, sexual satisfaction, income, & health.

A

Marriage

55
Q

Adult social development: ________
* “What we do” often defines us.
* Choosing a career is difficult!
* Many switch careers or end up
in careers they didn’t expect
when they started college.

A

Work

56
Q

________ = finding work that matches interests + provides a sense of competence & accomplishment

A

happiness

57
Q

Most older adults _______ things they failed to do more than mistakes they’ve made.

A

regret

58
Q

↑ confidence, self-esteem, sense of identity, & stability.
– Adult moods less extreme & more enduring

A

Midlife

59
Q

Positive feelings ↑ after _______.
– Until terminal decline, when negative feelings ↑

A

midlife

60
Q

________ generally satisfied with their lives
– But have fewer friends & are lonelier…

A

Older adults

61
Q

Development occurs across _________. Each stage characterized by physical, cognitive, & social growth & change.

A

life-span

62
Q

Kids, adolescents, & adults think & interact somewhat ________.

A

differently

63
Q

Cognitive & physical skills _______ throughout infancy, childhood,
& adolescence, before beginning to _____ in adulthood

A

increase; decline

64
Q

As adults, happiness & well-being largely influenced by _______ & ______.

A

relationships & work

65
Q

process of acquiring new & relatively enduring info. or behaviors through experience

A

learning

66
Q

learning that certain events occur together (i.e., classical & operant conditioning)

A

associative learning

67
Q

acquiring mental info. through observing
events, watching others, or through language

A

cognitive learning

68
Q

type of learning where 2+ stimuli are linked; 1st stimulus comes to elicit a behavior in anticipation of the 2nd stimulus

A

classical conditioning

69
Q

any situation or event that elicits a response

A

stimulus

70
Q

automatic, involuntary behavior caused by a stimulus

A

respondent behaviors

71
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Jumping when scared.

A

respondent behaviors

72
Q

stimulus that - naturally & automatically - triggers a response

A

unconditioned stimulus (US)

73
Q

unlearned, naturally occurring
response to the US

A

unconditioned response (UR)

74
Q

stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

A

neutral stimulus (NS)

75
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Food; air puff

A

unconditioned stimulus (US)

76
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., salivating, fear, blinking, sexual stimulation

A

unconditioned response (UR)

77
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., a bell or a sexy song

A

neutral stimulus (NS)

78
Q

after being paired with the US, previously neutral stimulus produce reaction

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

79
Q

learned response to CS
* resembles UR - but produced by CS

A

conditioned response (CR)

80
Q

_______ stage: linking NS & US.
NS begins triggering the CR.

A

Acquisition

81
Q

___________:
- Discovered classical conditioning in dogs.
- Published research on classical conditioning in 1903.

A

Ivan Pavlov

82
Q

_________:
- Discovered classical conditioning in 1902 in humans.
- procedure: bell - hammer on patella knee jerk
* one day: bell - no hammer - knee jerk
– hammer = US | knee jerk = UR
– bell = CS | knee jerk = CR

A

Edwin B. Twitmyer

83
Q

creating a new CS based on previously learned CS

A

higher-order conditioning

84
Q

gradual elimination of CR; occurs when CS repeatedly presented without US

A

extinction

85
Q

tendency of an extinguished CR to reappear after a rest period.

A

spontaneous recovery

86
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., drug cravings: people/settings/objects may be a CS to cravings

A

real-life applications of classical conditioning

87
Q

classical conditioning typically requires:
* very _____ time interval between presentation of CS & US
* _______ trials for association to be learned

A

short; several

88
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

Garcia effect

89
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. A rat is given sweet water. Taste (CS)
2. Nausea induced by Radiation (US)
3. Taste aversion (CR)

A

Garcia effect

90
Q
  • only one trial to learn
  • occurs despite hours-long delay between CS & US
  • only occurs with biologically-adaptive CS (taste) - not to light or sound
A

Garcia effect

91
Q
  • occurs in other settings (e.g., chemo patients)
  • effect stronger for novel (vs. familiar) foods
A

Garcia effect

92
Q

According to ________, psychology should: be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

A

behaviorism

93
Q

Believed emotions & behaviors were mainly conditioned responses.

A

Watson

94
Q

Conducted famous “Little Albert” studies
to test this reasoning

A

Watson

95
Q

once response conditioned, stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus may elicit similar responses

A

generalization

96
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., A fear of rats (CS) leads to fear of similar stimuli (a dog, santa’s beard, and a rabbit)

A

generalization

97
Q

ability to distinguish between CS & similar, but irrelevant, stimuli

A

discrimination

98
Q

type of behavioral therapy for phobias
* gradually substitutes relaxation response to conditioned stimulus using counter conditioning

A

systematic desensitization

99
Q

o Form of associative learning.

o Involves linking two or more stimuli & learning to anticipate events.

o Only occurs with involuntary, automatic (i.e., respondent) behaviors.

o Typically requires several trials to learn.

A

classical conditioning

100
Q

o only involves automatic (i.e., respondent) behaviors
– e.g., salivation in response to food
o can’t explain how voluntary behaviors are acquired

A

classical conditioning

101
Q

behaviors followed by…
* pleasant consequences become more likely
* unpleasant consequences become less likely

A

Thorndike law of effect

102
Q

Created the Skinner Box, air crib, and taught pigeons to play ping-pong & guide missiles

A

B.F. Skinner

103
Q

Behavior is shaped & maintained by its consequences.

A

Operant conditioning

104
Q

voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences

A

operant

105
Q

Alters the probability of a behavior
by manipulating its consequences.

A

Operant conditioning

106
Q

________ to ↑ probability of a behavior.

A

Reinforce

107
Q

_______ to ↓ the probability of a behavior.

A

Punish

108
Q

alters the probability of a behavior
by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

A

operant conditioning

109
Q

stimulus that precedes operant response

A

discriminative stimulus

110
Q

actively emitted / voluntary behavior

A

operant response

111
Q

stimulus / event that follows an operant response

A

consequence

112
Q

Stimulus/event following a behavior that ↑s the probability of the behavior being repeated.

A

Reinforcement

113
Q

Consists of adding something.

A

Positive (+) Reinforcement

114
Q

Consists of removing something.

A

Negative (–) Reinforcement

115
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. Taking a selfie.
2. Receive likes/go viral
3. You start taking more pictures as a result.

A

Positive (+) Reinforcement

116
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. A dog cries inconsolably when locked in crate.
2. Owner lets dog sleep in people bed.
3. Dog stops crying
4. Dog now only sleep in people bed.

A

Negative (–) Reinforcement

117
Q

________ reinforcer: inherently reinforcing (you don’t have to learn to like)

A

primary

118
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., A dog in pound who is scared of humans, slowly being introduced to human touch (petting & affection) and hand feeding.

A

Systematic desensitization

119
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., standing for the pledge of allegiance

A

operant response

120
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., The beeping sound in a car makes you put your seatbelt on to stop the beeping noise.

A

Negative (-) Reinforcement

121
Q

reinforcing due to association with a
primary reinforcer (generalized if paired with +1 primary reinforcer)

A

conditioned reinforcer

122
Q

Reinforcement defined solely by its effect on _______.

A

behavior

123
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g.,
1. A student acts out.
2. The teacher yells at them.
3. The student acts again and more.

A

Reinforcement

124
Q

Stimuli/events not typically seen as positive can be _______.

A

reinforcing

125
Q

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

A

social clock

126
Q

You’re at the optometrist for a checkup. The optometrist does the infamous “air puff” test where a puff of air is blown into the eye, which causes you to blink like a maniac. Your blinking is a(n):

A

Unconditioned response (UR)

127
Q

You’re at the optometrist for a checkup. The optometrist does the infamous “air puff” test where a puff of air is blown into the eye, which causes you to blink like a maniac. The air puff is a(n):

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

128
Q

For the last couple of months, Mia has been a “social smoker” & only smokes at her friend’s apartment. Mia now craves a cigarette when she’s at her friend’s apartment. The apartment now represents a(n):

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

129
Q

After you classically condition your nephew to fear frogs, he’s very afraid of frogs. However, your nephew shows no fear of other amphibians (e.g., salamanders) or reptiles (e.g., lizards), which best illustrates:

A

Discrimination

130
Q

Bill went through years of intensive therapy to get over his fear of dogs. However, when Bill meets his girlfriend’s new pit bull, he experiences an unexpected surge of fear, which best illustrates:

A

Spontaneous recovery

131
Q

Miriam feeds her dog people food at the table. Now, Miriam’s dog begs for people food whenever she eats at the table. Her dog doesn’t beg at the table if her partner is eating. Miriam, in this scenario, is the:

A

Discriminative stimulus

132
Q

Dr. Bradshaw asks a question during class, which is met with a long, awkward silence. Dr. Bradshaw breaks the silence & answers the question. As the semester goes on, Dr. Bradshaw is more likely to answer the questions she poses to students while teaching. Dr. Bradshaw’s behavior best illustrates the process of:

A

Negative reinforcement

133
Q

Seth decides to troll people on Reddit. People get mad & call him a terrible person, which he responds to with more trolling. This best illustrates the process of:

A

Positive reinforcement

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