Psych Chapter 4 Flashcards
are we the way we are because of
heredity (genes) or our upbringing (environment)?
Nature-Nurture Debate
genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
heredity
every nongenetic influence
environment
What is this an example of?
e.g., prenatal nutrition
environment
Genes & environments are ______ independent.
never
Genes and environments ________ with each other
interact
general emotional reactivity & intensity
temperament
visible in 1st weeks of life; persist throughout lifespan
temperament
genes: physiological differences in reactivity
temperament
What is this an example of?
If you dislike bitter tastes, blame your parents.
temperament
basic units of heredity
genes
made of DNA, located on chromosomes
genes
expressed genes code for proteins
that build bodies
genes
all genetic material
genome
Most traits are __________
polygenic
influenced by multiple genes
polygenic
examine genetic & environmental
influences on traits/behavior -measure heritability
behavioral genetics
proportion of variation in a behavior/trait that can be attributed to genes in a specific population
heritability
i.e., within a certain group, what are the effects of genes?
heritability
varies based on trait, population, & environment
heritability
Behavioral geneticists examine variability in a _________ population
specific
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can’t explain variability in environment & culture.
F
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain herability of traits for a specific person.
F
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can’t explain differences between different populations
T
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain variability in trait.
T
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain variability in genes.
T
representing extent to which genes influence differences in traits/behaviors
heritability statistic
ranges from 0-1: higher #s means trait/behavior more heritable
heritability statistic
What is this an example of?
e.g., heritability of extraversion is .53
– genes influence 53% of variability in extraversion
heritability statistic
(monozygotic) twins
identical twins
develop from single fertilized egg
identical twins
Have same genes & environment
identical twins
(dizygotic) twins
fraternal twins
develop from 2 different eggs
fraternal twins
Have different genes; same environment
fraternal twins
________ twins are only the same gender.
identical twins
If identical twins are more similar on a trait / behavior than fraternal twins, the trait is thought to be more ________.
heritable
They maintain same genes while testing effects of different environments
separated identical twins
maintain same home environment with bio & adopted kids, but genes differ
adoptive families
Siblings share _____% of genes.
~50
________ differences between siblings are amplified as people react to them differently.
Genetic
______ changes with each addition to a family
Environment
T/F
siblings are raised in slightly different families.
T
only child until younger siblings are born
oldest
both older & younger siblings
middle child
more older siblings & older parents
youngest
effect of one factor (such as genes)
depends on another factor (such as environment)
interaction
how environment alters gene
expression
epigenetics
What is this an example of?
E.g., Rat moms nurture pups by licking. Some lick…
* a little (↓ nurture)
* a lot (↑ nurture)
epigenetics
anxious, ↓ lick mom: _____, ____ lick adult
anxious, ↓
calm, ↑ lick mom: ______, ___ lick adult
calm, ↑
Epigenetic change by maternal
behavior ______ genetic inheritance.
is not
cross-fostered pups take on foster mom’s ________
characteristics
As environments become more similar, genes matter _____. Because differences attributable to environments decreases.
more
framework using the principles
of natural selection to think about the mind, brain, & behavior
Evolutionary psychology (EP)
What is this an example of?
i.e., Minds & bodies have been shaped by evolutionary forces.
Evolutionary psychology (EP)
inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive & reproduce in a particular environment are more likely to be passed on (vs. traits that don’t)
natural selection
organisms differ in some aspect of their phenotype
variance
phenotypic variations must be heritable
inheritance
some organisms reproduce more
than others due to differences in their phenotypes
differential reproduction
evolutionary change occurs using _____ genetic variation; doesn’t “create” traits out of the blue based on need
existing
What is this an example of?
e.g., Why do we prefer the taste of sugar to broccoli?
Evolutionary success
recurrent problem that must be dealt with to successfully survive & reproduce
Adaptive challenge
a framework to think about the mind, brain, & behavior; a lens to analyze behaviors in other subfields of psychology
Evolutionary psychology (EP)
________ works on variation & averages
Evolution
______ ______ allows humans to adapt & persist.
Genetic variation
Description ____ proscription or justification.
≠
if it is natural it is good
naturalistic fallacy
Genes & environments ______ to influence development.
interact
What is this an example of?
e.g., parent & peer influence
Understanding nature & nurture
patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, & traditions shared by groups & passed on to future generations.
culture
standards for acceptable, expected behavior
norms
each ______ has norms
culture
feeling lost about which behaviors are appropriate
culture shock
What are these considered?
* individual goals
* independence
* self-expression
* self-concept
defined by
uniqueness
Individualistic
What are these considered?
* group goals
* interdependence
* conform to norms
* self-concept
defined by
relationships
Collectivistic
more likely to define selves by
individual descriptive traits
individualistic cultures
What is this an example of?
e.g., creative, funny, talented, a fast runner
individualistic cultures
more likely to define selves by groups / adherence to groups
collectivistic cultures
What is this an example of?
e.g., daughter, mother, Chinese, loyal friend
collectivistic cultures
tracks approval & respect of others
pride
tracks social devaluation
shame
Shame & pride are ______ elicited & experienced across cultures
similarly
What is this an example of?
Higher rates of violent crime
(e.g., homicide) in American South.
Cultural differences in the US
What is this an example of?
Historic, environmental, &
economic reasons for violent norms.
Cultural differences in the US?
even small disputes become contests for reputation & status
culture of honor
important to establish reputation for toughness so no one will mess with you
herding norms
The American _____ is characterized by culture of honor.
South
______ males were more likely to react in the A**hole experiment.
Southern
______ males were more likely to be amused in the A**hole experiment.
Northern
______employers much
warmer towards homicide
letter than_________
Southern; Northern
male or female biological traits (e.g., genitalia, chromosomes)
sex
Females have ____ sex chromosomes.
XX
Males have _____ sex chromosomes.
XY
Females and males have ____ pair of sex chromosomes.
1
sex cells
gamete
In evolutionary biology, sex
determined by _____ size
gamete
small, mobile gametes
male
larger, ↑ energetically
costly gametes
female
reproductive / genital anatomy doesn’t fit
into male / female categories (~.018% of population)
intersex
What is this an example of?
e.g., Aristocratic French men first to wear high heels; both men & women wore makeup.
Gender
Can vary somewhat over cultures & shifts over time.
Gender
behavioral characteristics that societies/cultures associate with being a man/woman
gender
gender identity & expression change over time
genderfluid
set of expected behaviors, attitudes, & traits for men & women; can vary across cultures, time, & contexts
Gender roles
displaying both traditional
masculine & feminine psychological traits
androgyny
behavior learned by observing/imitating
others’ gender-linked behavior & being rewarded or punished
social learning theory
What is this an example of?
“Baby X” study: labeling baby “boy” or “girl”
led to gender-stereotyped toy use by adults
social learning theory
kids gravitate toward what feels right,
acquiring masculine / feminine characteristics & roles
gender typing
Not every animal has the same ________.
sex chromosomes
kids form concepts (i.e., schemas) about
gender early in life…
gender schema theory
organize their experiences/observations of what a “man”/“woman”
is through these schemas & adjust behaviors to fit their schema
gender schema theory
♂ & ♀ humans faced different
adaptive problems based on sex differences in obligate parental
investment
parental investment theory
