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Spring Semester > Psych Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Psych Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

are we the way we are because of
heredity (genes) or our upbringing (environment)?

A

Nature-Nurture Debate

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2
Q

genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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3
Q

every nongenetic influence

A

environment

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4
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., prenatal nutrition

A

environment

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5
Q

Genes & environments are ______ independent.

A

never

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6
Q

Genes and environments ________ with each other

A

interact

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7
Q

general emotional reactivity & intensity

A

temperament

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8
Q

visible in 1st weeks of life; persist throughout lifespan

A

temperament

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9
Q

genes: physiological differences in reactivity

A

temperament

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10
Q

What is this an example of?
If you dislike bitter tastes, blame your parents.

A

temperament

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11
Q

basic units of heredity

A

genes

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12
Q

made of DNA, located on chromosomes

A

genes

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13
Q

expressed genes code for proteins
that build bodies

A

genes

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14
Q

all genetic material

A

genome

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15
Q

Most traits are __________

A

polygenic

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16
Q

influenced by multiple genes

A

polygenic

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17
Q

examine genetic & environmental
influences on traits/behavior -measure heritability

A

behavioral genetics

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18
Q

proportion of variation in a behavior/trait that can be attributed to genes in a specific population

A

heritability

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19
Q

i.e., within a certain group, what are the effects of genes?

A

heritability

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20
Q

varies based on trait, population, & environment

A

heritability

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21
Q

Behavioral geneticists examine variability in a _________ population

A

specific

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22
Q

T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can’t explain variability in environment & culture.

A

F

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23
Q

T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain herability of traits for a specific person.

A

F

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24
Q

T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can’t explain differences between different populations

A

T

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25
Q

T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain variability in trait.

A

T

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26
Q

T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain variability in genes.

A

T

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27
Q

representing extent to which genes influence differences in traits/behaviors

A

heritability statistic

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28
Q

ranges from 0-1: higher #s means trait/behavior more heritable

A

heritability statistic

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29
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., heritability of extraversion is .53
– genes influence 53% of variability in extraversion

A

heritability statistic

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30
Q

(monozygotic) twins

A

identical twins

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31
Q

develop from single fertilized egg

A

identical twins

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32
Q

Have same genes & environment

A

identical twins

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33
Q

(dizygotic) twins

A

fraternal twins

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34
Q

develop from 2 different eggs

A

fraternal twins

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35
Q

Have different genes; same environment

A

fraternal twins

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36
Q

________ twins are only the same gender.

A

identical twins

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37
Q

If identical twins are more similar on a trait / behavior than fraternal twins, the trait is thought to be more ________.

A

heritable

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38
Q

They maintain same genes while testing effects of different environments

A

separated identical twins

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39
Q

maintain same home environment with bio & adopted kids, but genes differ

A

adoptive families

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40
Q

Siblings share _____% of genes.

A

~50

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41
Q

________ differences between siblings are amplified as people react to them differently.

A

Genetic

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42
Q

______ changes with each addition to a family

A

Environment

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43
Q

T/F
siblings are raised in slightly different families.

A

T

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44
Q

only child until younger siblings are born

A

oldest

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45
Q

both older & younger siblings

A

middle child

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46
Q

more older siblings & older parents

A

youngest

47
Q

effect of one factor (such as genes)
depends on another factor (such as environment)

A

interaction

48
Q

how environment alters gene
expression

A

epigenetics

49
Q

What is this an example of?
E.g., Rat moms nurture pups by licking. Some lick…
* a little (↓ nurture)
* a lot (↑ nurture)

A

epigenetics

50
Q

anxious, ↓ lick mom: _____, ____ lick adult

A

anxious, ↓

51
Q

calm, ↑ lick mom: ______, ___ lick adult

A

calm, ↑

52
Q

Epigenetic change by maternal
behavior ______ genetic inheritance.

A

is not

53
Q

cross-fostered pups take on foster mom’s ________

A

characteristics

54
Q

As environments become more similar, genes matter _____. Because differences attributable to environments decreases.

A

more

55
Q

framework using the principles
of natural selection to think about the mind, brain, & behavior

A

Evolutionary psychology (EP)

56
Q

What is this an example of?
i.e., Minds & bodies have been shaped by evolutionary forces.

A

Evolutionary psychology (EP)

57
Q

inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive & reproduce in a particular environment are more likely to be passed on (vs. traits that don’t)

A

natural selection

58
Q

organisms differ in some aspect of their phenotype

A

variance

59
Q

phenotypic variations must be heritable

A

inheritance

60
Q

some organisms reproduce more
than others due to differences in their phenotypes

A

differential reproduction

61
Q

evolutionary change occurs using _____ genetic variation; doesn’t “create” traits out of the blue based on need

A

existing

62
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Why do we prefer the taste of sugar to broccoli?

A

Evolutionary success

63
Q

recurrent problem that must be dealt with to successfully survive & reproduce

A

Adaptive challenge

64
Q

a framework to think about the mind, brain, & behavior; a lens to analyze behaviors in other subfields of psychology

A

Evolutionary psychology (EP)

65
Q

________ works on variation & averages

A

Evolution

66
Q

______ ______ allows humans to adapt & persist.

A

Genetic variation

67
Q

Description ____ proscription or justification.

A

≠

68
Q

if it is natural it is good

A

naturalistic fallacy

69
Q

Genes & environments ______ to influence development.

A

interact

70
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., parent & peer influence

A

Understanding nature & nurture

71
Q

patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, & traditions shared by groups & passed on to future generations.

A

culture

72
Q

standards for acceptable, expected behavior

A

norms

73
Q

each ______ has norms

A

culture

74
Q

feeling lost about which behaviors are appropriate

A

culture shock

75
Q

What are these considered?
* individual goals
* independence
* self-expression
* self-concept
defined by
uniqueness

A

Individualistic

76
Q

What are these considered?
* group goals
* interdependence
* conform to norms
* self-concept
defined by
relationships

A

Collectivistic

77
Q

more likely to define selves by
individual descriptive traits

A

individualistic cultures

78
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., creative, funny, talented, a fast runner

A

individualistic cultures

79
Q

more likely to define selves by groups / adherence to groups

A

collectivistic cultures

80
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., daughter, mother, Chinese, loyal friend

A

collectivistic cultures

81
Q

tracks approval & respect of others

A

pride

82
Q

tracks social devaluation

A

shame

83
Q

Shame & pride are ______ elicited & experienced across cultures

A

similarly

84
Q

What is this an example of?
Higher rates of violent crime
(e.g., homicide) in American South.

A

Cultural differences in the US

85
Q

What is this an example of?
Historic, environmental, &
economic reasons for violent norms.

A

Cultural differences in the US?

86
Q

even small disputes become contests for reputation & status

A

culture of honor

87
Q

important to establish reputation for toughness so no one will mess with you

A

herding norms

88
Q

The American _____ is characterized by culture of honor.

A

South

89
Q

______ males were more likely to react in the A**hole experiment.

A

Southern

90
Q

______ males were more likely to be amused in the A**hole experiment.

A

Northern

91
Q

______employers much
warmer towards homicide
letter than_________

A

Southern; Northern

92
Q

male or female biological traits (e.g., genitalia, chromosomes)

A

sex

93
Q

Females have ____ sex chromosomes.

A

XX

94
Q

Males have _____ sex chromosomes.

A

XY

95
Q

Females and males have ____ pair of sex chromosomes.

A

1

96
Q

sex cells

A

gamete

97
Q

In evolutionary biology, sex
determined by _____ size

A

gamete

98
Q

small, mobile gametes

A

male

99
Q

larger, ↑ energetically
costly gametes

A

female

100
Q

reproductive / genital anatomy doesn’t fit
into male / female categories (~.018% of population)

A

intersex

101
Q

What is this an example of?
e.g., Aristocratic French men first to wear high heels; both men & women wore makeup.

A

Gender

102
Q

Can vary somewhat over cultures & shifts over time.

A

Gender

103
Q

behavioral characteristics that societies/cultures associate with being a man/woman

A

gender

104
Q

gender identity & expression change over time

A

genderfluid

105
Q

set of expected behaviors, attitudes, & traits for men & women; can vary across cultures, time, & contexts

A

Gender roles

106
Q

displaying both traditional
masculine & feminine psychological traits

A

androgyny

107
Q

behavior learned by observing/imitating
others’ gender-linked behavior & being rewarded or punished

A

social learning theory

108
Q

What is this an example of?
“Baby X” study: labeling baby “boy” or “girl”
led to gender-stereotyped toy use by adults

A

social learning theory

108
Q

kids gravitate toward what feels right,
acquiring masculine / feminine characteristics & roles

A

gender typing

109
Q

Not every animal has the same ________.

A

sex chromosomes

110
Q

kids form concepts (i.e., schemas) about
gender early in life…

A

gender schema theory

111
Q

organize their experiences/observations of what a “man”/“woman”
is through these schemas & adjust behaviors to fit their schema

A

gender schema theory

112
Q

♂ & ♀ humans faced different
adaptive problems based on sex differences in obligate parental
investment

A

parental investment theory

Spring Semester (29 decks)

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