psychology over the lifespan

Question 1

nature vs nurture

Answer 1

how do both genes & environment contribute to development
answer: both

Question 2

continuity & stages

Answer 2

do we develop gradually & continuoulsy or in stages & abrupt changes
answer: both

Question 3

stability & change

Answer 3

how stable are our thoughts, behaviors, & emotions over a lifetime? do they change?
answer: yes to both! both.

Question 4

gametes

Answer 4

sex cells
-sperm
-egg

Question 5

teratogens

Answer 5

agents that can reach embryo or fetus & cause harm

Question 6

teratogens examples

Answer 6

-chemicals (alcohol, heroin, cocaine, environmental pollutants, caffeine, smoking)
-viruses (chicken pox, rubella, HIV)
-radiation
-diet, stress

Question 7

what do infants see

Answer 7

8-12 inches away
prefernce for faces
preference for familar sounds & smells

Question 8

fetus

Answer 8

-called this 9 weeks until birth

Question 9

embryo

Answer 9

-called this 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception

Question 10

zygote

Answer 10

fertilized egg
-1st 2 weeks after conception is when it is called a zygote

Question 11

chromosomes

Answer 11

-xx - female
-xy - male

Question 12

temperament

Answer 12

biological aspect of personality
-approach style ( calm)
-withdrawal style (anxious)

Question 13

two types of temperament

Answer 13

watched video of monkeys
-approach style ( calm)
-withdrawal style (anxious)

Question 14

physical & motor development

Answer 14

milestones: roll over, sit, crawl, walk

Question 15

perceptual development

Answer 15

-visual perception
(habituation technique, visual cliff experiment for depth)

Question 16

memory development

Answer 16

-infantile amnesia
(babies at 3 months can retain learning for a month)

Question 17

childhood & infancy

Answer 17

-physical & motor development
-perceptual development
-memory development

Question 18

infancy & childhood: cognitive development man

Answer 18

-jean piaget
-he created states of cognitive development

Question 19

schema

Answer 19

an organized pattern of thoughts or behavior that organizes categoties of information & the relationships among them

Question 20

assimilation

Answer 20

modification of new information into an already existing schema
-for example: all men are Daddy

Question 21

accomidation

Answer 21

creation or modification of schema to make them fir with new experiences
-ex: a cognitive category for men other than Daddy

Question 22

piaget 4 stages

Answer 22

1. sensorimotor period - below 2
2. preoperational period - 2 to 7
3. concrete operational period - 7 to 11
4. formal operations - 11 to 15 years (into adulthood)

Question 23

sensorimotor

Answer 23

-birth to 2 years
-language used for demand & cataloguing
-sensory curiosity about the world
-attempt imitation !
-object permanence !
-play with two objects together

Question 24

preoperational

Answer 24

2 to 7 years
-egocenterism (cannot take view of point of others)
-theory of mind (ability to take others view & make conclusions)
-rigidity of though (no conservation skills)
-semi logical reasoning (classify objects by one trait)
-limited social cognition
-language(represents objects by images & words)

Question 25

difference between egocenterism & theory of mind

Answer 25

if a child is egocentric, then they don’t have a theory of mind
-they don’t understand someone who may have a different like or dislike than them
-if they do have theory of mind, they will think of others and take into account their different opinions

Question 26

concrete operations period age

Answer 26

7 to 11

Question 27

concrete operationational

Answer 27

-logic reasoning begins
-conservation (numbers, madd, and weight)
-classification (can classify objects according to several features)
-reversibility (can look at objects viewpoints)

Question 28

formal operations

Answer 28

age 11 to 15
-scientific method approach to thinking
-can think logically about abstract concepts
-can consider hypothetical concepts
-if/then situations

Question 29

things that are beyond piaget

Answer 29

-babies can understand naive physics & math (ex. walking through a podium, babies will stare)
-piaget underestimated children
-lev vygotsky & social self-talk (social child, scaffolding)

Question 30

who is lev vygotsky?

Answer 30

-emphasizes talk matters
-talking them though things, talking to them, etc

Question 31

cognitive development

Answer 31

-autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
–increased diagnosis in recent years
–difficulty taking another person’s viewpoint
–brain connections allowing such a function are inefficient
-boys are 4x likely to develop ASD
—have more brain activity ( it is not efficeint)

Question 32

social development: attachment

Answer 32

this is in infancy & childhood
-separation anxiety (beginning at 6 mo-2yrs)
-strange situation experiments (used to discover how child reacts)
-secure attachment (60-70%)
-insecure attachment (avoidant, resistant, disorganized)

Question 33

what did harlow’s monkeys experiment show

Answer 33

shows social development: attachment
-showed importance of comfort contact (with food and scaring them. went to wire money for food, but cloth monkey for comfort)

Question 34

what are the child-rearing practices

Answer 34

authoritarian: impose tules, exact obedience
permissive: submit to children, use little punishment
authoritative: demanding & responsive

Question 35

adolescence: physical development

Answer 35

puberty: period during which sexual organs mature
-children’s bodies begin producing hormones at an adult level
-androgens: male hormones
-estrogens: female hormones
-menarche

Question 36

changes in males in physical development

Answer 36

-testes and penis start to enlarge, sperm starts to produce

secondary: armpit hair, voive

Question 37

changes in females in physical development

Answer 37

-primary: ovulation and menstration

-secondary: breasts develop, growth of pubic arm pit hair, body changes (hips widen and waist narrows)

Question 38

menarche

Answer 38

the first mentruation

Question 39

adolesence: cognitive development

Answer 39

adolescent egocentrism: overly concerned with their own thoughts & feelings

imaginary audience: adolescents believe that other are watching them constantly

personal fable: belief that their experiences and feelings are unique

illusion of invulnerability: think that misfortunes happens mainly to others & not themselves

Question 40

adolescence: moral development

Answer 40

-lawrence kohlberg
-moral dimensions
-three levels of moral development
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventiona;

Question 41

what is preconventional morality

Answer 41

-obedience & punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment
individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest & rewards

Question 42

what is conventional mortality

Answer 42

interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval
authority: behavior driven by obeying authority & conforming to social order

Question 43

post conventional morality

Answer 43

social contract: behavior driven by balance of social order & individual rights
universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles

justice- what do you deserve

Question 44

kohlberg’s dilemmas

Answer 44

-ex: heinz steals an expensive drug from a greedy pharmacist to save his dying wife

-boys were asked to reason about morality (aged 10 to 16)

-preconventional level: fear of punishment (stealing gets in trouble)

conventional: driven by what others thing, want to be a ‘good boy or girl’

postconventional: social contract, human life is highest principle, we have a duty to save lives, universal ethical principles

Question 45

critique of kohlberg’s

Answer 45

-culture-specific, gender-specific, reasoning versus behavior

Question 46

social & emotional development in adolesence

Answer 46

-conflicts with parents (begin in separation)
-most frequently in early adolescence
-most intense mid-adolescence
-mood swings (forging identity)
-dont think anything bad will happen to them

Question 47

emerging adulthood

Answer 47

period from biological maturity to social independance

Question 48

adulthood ages

Answer 48

early adulthood: 22-34 years
middle adulthood
-early middle: 35-44
-late middle: 45-64
late adulthood: 65+

Question 49

physical changes in middle adulthood

Answer 49

athletes peak at 27 years of age
By 40, physical prowess decline accelerates (this mainly has to do with lifestyle choices, not age)

Question 50

physical changes in middle adulthood

Answer 50

-fertility declines
-menopause (avg age is 50)

Question 51

Immunosenescence- adulthood & aging

Answer 51

gradual deterioration in immune system as we age
-our capacity to respond to infections
-we maintain our long-term immune memory that was required

Question 52

adulthood & aging

Answer 52

perception
-vision dims
-pupil shrinks
-lens less transparent
-hearing declines
-taste declines
processing speed
-slows, more accidents after 75

Question 53

how much does the brain reduce by age 80?

Answer 53

5%

Question 54

adulthood & aging: memory

Answer 54

terminal decline: memory based more on proximity to death than age
semantic: names mixed up
episodic: events.. remember slower but recall as much
working memory: recognition vs recall.. older adults good at recognition, worse at recall

Question 55

social & emotional development in adulthood

Answer 55

-“midlife crisis” is a myth
-erikson’s psychosocial stages in adulthood (intimacy versus isolation) (generativity versus self-absorption)
-personality is stable through adulthood
-mature emotions

Question 56

death & dying

Answer 56

-grief (death of a spouse of child)
-bereavement (longer fro some, other never get over. discussing help)
-cultural differences (showing grief publicly or not)