chapter 8 - memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time though encoding, storing, & retrieving information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

intentionally retrieving info from LTM, brining it into STM

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

matching an item to a stored memory

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

we learn more than we can recall

Question 5

in order to remember..

Answer 5

info must go in (encoding)
info must be retained (storage)
info must be retrievable (retrieval)

Question 6

recall is _____ than learning

Answer 6

harder

Question 7

we learn _____ than we can recall

Answer 7

more

Question 8

what does each memory system have?

Answer 8

duration
-how long memories last
capacity

Question 9

what are the three memory systems?

Answer 9

sensory memory (SM)
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LtM)

Question 10

sensory memory properties

Answer 10

properties
* the memory has a very short duration (less than a second)
* large capacity (takes in everything)

lingering activation in perceptual areas of the brain
* iconic memory (vision_
* echoich memroy (audition)
* studied using the spirling technique

Question 11

attention play a ______ roll in moving information from SM to STM

Answer 11

large

Question 12

short term memory

Answer 12

**properties **
* short duration (few seconds)
* small capacity (7 +/-2 items)

* useful for
* remembering telephone numbers
* language use

Question 13

how to extend capacity for STM

Answer 13

we use strategies to extend STM
increasing capacity
-chunking (phone numbers)
increase duration
-rehersal

Question 14

what makes you more likely to recall the first items

Answer 14

primacy effect

Question 15

what makes you more likely to recall the last items

Answer 15

recency effect

Question 16

serial position effect

Answer 16

the tendency when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect)

Question 17

long-term memory

Answer 17

properties
* (very) long duration (hours to decades)
* very lage capacity (always room for more memories)
*

Question 18

types of LTM (review this slide)

Answer 18

automatic and effortful
* implicit memories (automatic)
* explicit memories (declarative- with conscious recall)

Question 19

where is explicit memory processed?

Answer 19

frontal lobe

Question 20

explicit memories

Answer 20

conscious awareness; easy to verbalize

Question 21

what do explicit memories include?

Answer 21

sematic and episodic

Question 22

implicit memories

Answer 22

no conscious awarness; hard to verbalize

Question 23

what do implicit memories include?

Answer 23

skills or habits (how to ride a bike)

Question 24

explicit memories: semantic vs episodic

Answer 24

semantic - facts
-word meanings (a sog is an animal)
-concepts (heat rises)
-general facts (my dogs name is kona)

episodic - events
-events that occured to you (buying a dog)
-enclude context (when, where)

Question 25

encoding

Answer 25

information moves through each memory

the world –> sensory memory–> short-term memory –> <– long term memory

Question 26

what are the foundations of memory

Answer 26

* frontal lobe and hippocampus

* Long-term potentiation (LTP)
* the strengtherning ot the connections of a pathway that occurs after repeated simulation of a neuron (links between related neurons are strengthened)

Question 27

consolidation

Answer 27

the strengtheing of memories
-results from frequent or long-term use
-new memories are dynamic (they are not perfect and usually wrong, example of when her brother took her purse for an experiment)
-consolidated memories are structural

Question 28

where does consolidation of explicit memories occur?

Answer 28

in the hippocampus (this explains infantile amnesia)

Question 29

how do we process new information?

Answer 29

-we can process new information in simple (shallow) or complex (deep) ways
–shallow: based on sensory characteristics
—deep: based on meaning
(mr. baker vs baker - baker was remembered more)

complex: processing leads to better memory
-helps to make it personally meaningful

prior knowledge/contect matters for meaning

Question 30

flashbulb memories

Answer 30

emotionally charged, episodic memories
-september 11, 2011
-kennedy assassination
-spact shuttle columbia disaster
-birth of a sibling

very vivid and accurate
-high level of confidence
-but, accuracy does decrease over time

Question 31

the act of remembering

Answer 31

memory is a constructive process
-not like a videotape or DVD
-biases and expectations can influence memory

false memories
-memors of events that did not occur
-the misinformation effect (elizabeth loftus)

Question 32

what test do we use for semantic memory?

Answer 32

sperling

Question 33

who came up with the misinformation effect & what is it

Answer 33

elizabeth loftus
occurs when misleading information distorts a person’s memory of an event or topic

Question 34

what explains infantile amesia?

Answer 34

the hippocampus, since its still developing and that is where forming and storing of LTM occurs.