chapter 8 - memory Flashcards
memory
persistence of learning over time though encoding, storing, & retrieving information
recall
intentionally retrieving info from LTM, brining it into STM
recognition
matching an item to a stored memory
relearning
we learn more than we can recall
in order to remember..
info must go in (encoding)
info must be retained (storage)
info must be retrievable (retrieval)
recall is _____ than learning
harder
we learn _____ than we can recall
more
what does each memory system have?
duration
-how long memories last
capacity
what are the three memory systems?
sensory memory (SM)
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LtM)
sensory memory properties
properties
* the memory has a very short duration (less than a second)
* large capacity (takes in everything)
lingering activation in perceptual areas of the brain
* iconic memory (vision_
* echoich memroy (audition)
* studied using the spirling technique
attention play a ______ roll in moving information from SM to STM
large
short term memory
**properties **
* short duration (few seconds)
* small capacity (7 +/-2 items)
* useful for
* remembering telephone numbers
* language use
how to extend capacity for STM
we use strategies to extend STM
increasing capacity
-chunking (phone numbers)
increase duration
-rehersal
what makes you more likely to recall the first items
primacy effect
what makes you more likely to recall the last items
recency effect
serial position effect
the tendency when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect)
long-term memory
properties
* (very) long duration (hours to decades)
* very lage capacity (always room for more memories)
*
types of LTM (review this slide)
automatic and effortful
* implicit memories (automatic)
* explicit memories (declarative- with conscious recall)
where is explicit memory processed?
frontal lobe
explicit memories
conscious awareness; easy to verbalize
what do explicit memories include?
sematic and episodic
implicit memories
no conscious awarness; hard to verbalize
what do implicit memories include?
skills or habits (how to ride a bike)
explicit memories: semantic vs episodic
semantic - facts
-word meanings (a sog is an animal)
-concepts (heat rises)
-general facts (my dogs name is kona)
episodic - events
-events that occured to you (buying a dog)
-enclude context (when, where)
encoding
information moves through each memory
the world –> sensory memory–> short-term memory –> <– long term memory
what are the foundations of memory
* frontal lobe and hippocampus
* Long-term potentiation (LTP)
* the strengtherning ot the connections of a pathway that occurs after repeated simulation of a neuron (links between related neurons are strengthened)
consolidation
the strengtheing of memories
-results from frequent or long-term use
-new memories are dynamic (they are not perfect and usually wrong, example of when her brother took her purse for an experiment)
-consolidated memories are structural
where does consolidation of explicit memories occur?
in the hippocampus (this explains infantile amnesia)
how do we process new information?
-we can process new information in simple (shallow) or complex (deep) ways
–shallow: based on sensory characteristics
—deep: based on meaning
(mr. baker vs baker - baker was remembered more)
complex: processing leads to better memory
-helps to make it personally meaningful
prior knowledge/contect matters for meaning
flashbulb memories
emotionally charged, episodic memories
-september 11, 2011
-kennedy assassination
-spact shuttle columbia disaster
-birth of a sibling
very vivid and accurate
-high level of confidence
-but, accuracy does decrease over time
the act of remembering
memory is a constructive process
-not like a videotape or DVD
-biases and expectations can influence memory
false memories
-memors of events that did not occur
-the misinformation effect (elizabeth loftus)
what test do we use for semantic memory?
sperling
who came up with the misinformation effect & what is it
elizabeth loftus
occurs when misleading information distorts a person’s memory of an event or topic
what explains infantile amesia?
the hippocampus, since its still developing and that is where forming and storing of LTM occurs.
