chapter 6 Flashcards
sensation
the awareness of properties of an object or event when a sensory receptor is stimulated
perception
the act of organizing & interpretting sensory input as a signaling particular object or event
psycho physics
-studies relationship between physical stimuli & the sensation & perception that those stimuli effect
thresholds
-absolute threshold: the strength or amount of a stimulus for you to detect if it is there (50% of time
the weakest amount of stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time
threshold
aspects of vision
wavelength, frequency, amplitude
what is the structure of the eye?
pupil, iris, cornea, retina, fovea, optic nerve
aspects of the rods of an eye
100-200 million (out in peripherie)
super sensitive to light
only register shades of gray
aspects of cones of an eye
5-6 million (in the center)
sensitive to particular wavelengths
allow color to vision
difference threshold
the just noticeable difference.
the color video we did in class- how you had to find the color that was slightly different
absolute threshold
knowing something is there (a stimuli)
what is the just noticeable (JND) difference tested by?
Weber’s law
weber’s law
must differ by constant minimum % NOT amount (ex: weight must change by 2% before we can tell a difference)
what is the vision stimulus?
the photon
wavelengths
red are longer waves, blue are shorter waves with more frequency
light goes into the eye through what?
the pupil
short wavelengths or high frequency
blue and violets. high-pitched sounds
long low frequency
reds. low-pitched sounds
high amplitude
bright colors. louder
low amplitude, low frequency
dull colors. soft sounds
what is the colored muscle in the eye and aids to let light in?
iris- contracts or relaxes
what is the clear curvature of the eye, helps the light change its angle/refraction, and protects the eye
cornea
what is thicker that the cornea that gets fatter or flatter and helps with depth perception?
lens
when fatter - light bends sharply
when flatter - light is less sharp
where does the information leave the eye at?
the optic nerve
what are the photo receptors of an eye?
the rods & cones
young-helmholtz trichomatric threory
theory that we see three colors: red, green, blue
opponent process theory (hering)
has to do with the layout on the retina of the cones
-red/green; blue/yellow; black/white
(american flag opposing color experiment on slide)
color blindness
red/green deficiency (typical)
blue not as typical
-inherited through X chromosome, so usually men have it since they only have one X chromosome
-dichromatic- cones dont fire well
do dogs see color?
yes, just a lot less color than us (humans)
what is accomodation?
when the lens changes shape (fatter vs flatter)
transduction
-a cell that translates the world language into the brains language
-photons make light receptors into neuron signals/chemicals
what is myopia?
nearsighted
what is hypermetropia?
farsighted
what is astigmatism?
shape of cornea is abnormal, so it projects two images that are slightly blurry
aspects of hearing
-wavelength, amplitude, loudness, pitch, hertz, decibels (what it is measured in)
outer ear
pinna- collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal
eardrum- amplifies sound by pushing bones and pushes bones on the fluid filled area which creates waves, then little hairsopen and close fluid cells
basilar membrane
-place theory: where does the sound end
-high frequency waves: dissipates near narrow & stiff base
-low frequency waves: propagate all the way to the apex
auditory cortex
-Primary auditory cortex
* Tonotopic organization within primary auditory cortex
more on auditory cortex
-process complex relevant sounds (animal noises, footsteps, complex pattern of sound)
-fine-tuned experience (language and music)
what is amnusia
not being able to match a pitch
kinds of deafness
- central
- conduction
- sensorinueral
central defness
-auditory areas of brain fail to process incoming info
-often due to stroke, tumor or TBI
conduction deafness
-not common
-often due to fusing of ossicles
-Sound vibrations cannot be turned into fluid displacement
sensorineural deafness
-Hair cells fail to respond to fluid displacement
-Often due to permanent damage to hair cells
vestibular system
- sense of balance
motion sickness
-sensory conflict theory: contradictory sensory messages
-Discrepancy between vestibular and visual info
perceptual organization
How the brain perceives a whole and in
depth picture of our world
gestalt psychologist
study how the mind
organizes sensations into perceptions
ambiguous figures
-the Jesus signs she showed
a picture that can be interpreted in multiple ways, or that appears to oscillate between two different interpretations
gestalt laws
grouping principles
illusory contour
a perceived edge that appears between aligned luminance edges, but is not physically present in an image
depth perception cues
Binocular cues
Monocular cues
binocular cues
retinal disparity
-different angles coming into each eye, brain connects them, and it makes it one image
convergence
-(brining finger close to eye)
-calculating angle
monocular cues
relative motion
-motion parrallax
-things that are closer go oppostite, further away things go in same direction (when driving)
-relative height
-relative size
-interposition
-light & shadow
-linear perpective
-depth cues (visual illusion)
know up through slide 75
