chapter 7 - learning pt 1

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

-a RELATIVELY permanent change in behavior that results from EXPERIENCE

Question 2

how do we learn?

Answer 2

by association and/or experience

Question 3

what is association?

Answer 3

linking 2 events that occur close together

Question 4

types of learning

Answer 4

-associative learning (classical and operate conditioning)
-social learning (observing others)
-cognitive learning (thinking through things)

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

we anticipate events by associating two stimuli

Question 6

examples of classical conditioning

Answer 6

-sound of dentist’s drill: sweaty palms
-smell of moms perfume: smiling
-sight of certain restuarant: nausea
-noise of a can opening: cat comes running
-smell of hospital: weakened immunity

Question 7

who was classical conditioning discovered by?

Answer 7

ivan pavlov (accidentally)

Question 8

what are the four components of classical conditioning?

Answer 8

-unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
-unconditioned response (UCR)
-conditioned stimulus (CS)
-conditioned response (CR)

Question 9

phase one of pavlov’s experiment

Answer 9

-food (UCS): salvation (UCR)
—reflexive response
-tone (CS): Nothing (CR)

Question 10

phase 2 of pavlov’s experiment

Answer 10

-CS is repeatedly paired with the UCS
—a tone is sounded before the food is presented

Question 11

phase 3 of pavlov’s experiment

Answer 11

eventually, the CS elicits a new CR
-hearing the tone by itself causes salivation

Question 12

classical conditioning: conditioned emotional response

Answer 12

-avoidance learning
-conditioned phobias (little albert)
-

Question 13

generalization:

Answer 13

similar stimuli elicit similar responses

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli

Question 15

classical conditioning extinction

Answer 15

diminishing a conditioned response

Question 16

spontaneous recovery (classical conditioning)

Answer 16

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

we learn to repeat (or avoid) acts by associating a response with its consequence

Question 18

operant conditioning examples

Answer 18

tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums
tantrums bring attention: more tantrums
slot machine pays out: gamble more
reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit

Question 19

main example of operant conditioning

Answer 19

thorndike’s puzzle box and skinners box

Question 20

thorndike’s law effect

Answer 20

actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated

Question 21

operant conditioning principles

Answer 21

reinforcement
punishment- reducsed behavior (slows the behavior down)

Question 22

reinforcement:

Answer 22

a consequence that increases behavior (reinforcement that increases behavior will enhance that behavior)

Question 23

punishment

Answer 23

reduced behavior (slows the behavior down)