chapter 7 - learning pt 2

Question 1

primary reinforcers

Answer 1

powerful innate reinforcer (ex: food, removal of pain)

Question 2

secondary reinforcers

Answer 2

reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer

Question 3

immediate vs delayed reinforcement (delayed gratification)

Answer 3

marshmallow study on 4-yr olds
* children that learn delayed gratification
* did better in school, were more socially competent
* acheived more
* were physically healthier

Question 4

effective punishment

Answer 4

should be
* swift, consistent, appropriately aversive

challenges
* physical punishment may be imitated
* may be scared of the person who punishes
most effective when paired with reinforcers

Question 5

building complex behaviors

Answer 5

shaping
* gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior
* used to train animals do complex tricks
* used to train complex behavior response

Question 6

another term for shaping

Answer 6

successive approximations

Question 7

continuous reinforcement vs partial reinforcement

Answer 7

4 reinforcement schedules
* fixed ratio (certain number)
1. * reinforcment in delivered after the completion of a number of responses. the required number of responses remains constant
* variable ratio
1. * a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. this schedule creates a steady, high rate of response
* fixed interval(time)
1. * a set amount of time between occurerences of something like a reward.
* variable interval
1. * a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Question 8

classical vs operant conditioning

Answer 8

classical conditioning
* learned association between US and CS
* organism is passive
* reponses elicted (dont get a choice, just happens to you)

operant conidtioning
* association response and reinforcement
* organism is active
* responses emmited

shared features
* avoidance learning
* extinction and spontaneous recovery
* generalization and discrimination

Question 9

cognitive and social learning

Answer 9

• we aquire mental info (though language and experience) that guides our behavior
• intrinsic vs extrinsice motivation

Question 10

intrisic motivation

Answer 10

motivation within

Question 11

extrinsic motivation

Answer 11

motivation coming from outside sources (parents reqarding them, etc)

Question 12

cognitive learning

Answer 12

latent learning (since it is not evident until later that they learned it)
* tolman’s rats: cognitive maps
* learn by being around things and info

Question 13

insight learning

Answer 13

a tyoe of learning or problem silving that happens all-of-a sudden through understanding the relastionships of various parts of a problem

-kohlberg’s monkeys experiment (moneys needing to find a way to reach the banana)

Question 14

the act of discovery has a \_\_\_\_\_ effect on memory and emotions

Answer 14

positive

Question 15

what is a form of insight learning?

Answer 15

escape rooms

Question 16

observational learning

Answer 16

the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others

Question 17

experiment that shows obersvational learning

Answer 17

bandura’s bobo doll study

Question 18

imitation in obervational learning

Answer 18

• we imitate from infancy
• we later develop the ability to empathasize
• —– part of theory of mind

Question 19

neuroscience of oberservational learning
mirror neurons

Answer 19

discovery of mirror neurons
* observation, intention, and emotion

found it from the monkey

Question 20

grasping

Answer 20

participants watched the experiment grasp objects. researchers gounf that these potentials matched the potentials recorded when the participants actually grasped objects themselved

Question 21

finger movement

Answer 21

: USED FMRI TO IMAGE THE BRAIN ACTIVITY OF
COLLEGE-STUDENT PARTICIPANTS AS THEY WATCHED EXPERIMENTERS MAKE
FINGER MOVEMENTS AND AS THEY MADE THE SAME FINGER MOVEMENTS
THEMSELVES.

Question 22

take home point of mirror neurons

Answer 22

WATCHING ACTIONS ACTIVATES SIMILAR
BRAIN ACTIVITY IN HUMANS AS DOING WHAT WAS WATCHED.

-allow for social empathy and connection

Question 23

what areas fire for empathy?

Answer 23

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
and insula

Question 24

video game violence

Answer 24

increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect- decreased empathy and prosocial behavior

-less activation in the left interior frontal lobe
-less acitvation in the anterior cingulate cortex

-long term changed in the brain with cognitive function and emotional control