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chapter 14 part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

abnormal behavior- the 4 Ds

A

*deviance
-unusual behavior, socially unacceptable, break from reality
*distress
*dysfunction
-maladaptive, self-defeating behavior
*dangerous behavior

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2
Q

what is classification necessary for?

A
  1. prediction of disorders course
  2. treatment suggestion
  3. research into causes & possible treatments
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3
Q

what are the dangers in ‘labeling’?

A

-expectation effects
-self-fulfilling prophecy
-rosenhan study

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4
Q

psychological disorder

A

the presence of a constellation of symptoms that create significant distress or impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living

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5
Q

what book is used to categorize & diagnose disorders?

A

-the diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM-5)
-used for diagnosing disorders
-varying degrees of accuracy

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6
Q

what approach for categorizing disorders us used today?

A

often use BioPsychSocal approach today

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7
Q

disorders

A
  • anxiety, OCD, PTSD
  • Major Depressive Disorder & Bipolar Disorder
  • Schizophrenia
  • Dissociative Disorders
  • Personality Disorders
  • Eating Disorders
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8
Q

three types of anxiety disorders

A

-generalized anxiety disorder
-Panic disorder
-phobias

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9
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

-A person for no obvious reason, is continually tense &
uneasy
-Lifetime prevalence 6%

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10
Q

panic disorder

A

-A disorder in which a person experiences panic attacks
-Begins to fear Panic attacks
-can lead to Agoraphobia
-Lifetime prevalence 5% COMMON

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11
Q

two types of phobias

A

social anxiety disorder
specific phobia

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12
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

a type of phobia
-A disorder in which a person fear public humiliation and/or
embarrassment
-Lifetime prevalence 12% COMMON

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13
Q

specific phobia

A

-odd fears
-A disorder in which a person has an intense fear and avoidance of a specific object, or situation.
-Lifetime prevalence 12% COMMON

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14
Q

OCD

A

obsessive compulsive disorder
-unwanted repetitive thoughts & behaviors
-obsession: thought
-compulsion:action (checking, washing, ordering)
-Lifetime prevalence 2-3% MODERTE

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15
Q

PTSD

A

post traumatic stress disorder
-traumatic event
-fear of helplessness
-symptoms

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16
Q

common, moderate, & rare lifetime prevalance

A

common: 5% or more
moderate:2-4%
rare: 1% or less

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17
Q

symptoms of PTSD

A

-Re-experience event
-Avoidance and emotional numbing
-Social withdrawal
-Insomnia
-Heightened arousal

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18
Q

lifetime prevalence of PTSD

A

7-9% (among Americans) COMMON
-strongly affected by environment

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19
Q

Explaining Anxiety, OCD, PTSD

A

conditioning
-little albert
-Anxiety cues: Stimulus generalization & reinforcement

cognition
-hypervigilant: attend more to threatening stimuli
-Interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening
-Higher chance of recalling threatening event

biology
-genes: family studies, twin studies, chemical levels (serotonin), epigenetics
* Runs in families
-the brain: amygdala (hypersensitive) anterior cingulate cortex (hyperactive in monitoring & checking for errors))

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20
Q

mood disorders

A

-Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression)
-bipolar disorder

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21
Q

major depressive disorder how to diagnose
(unipolar)

A

-major depressive disorder
-a disorder that over two consecutive weeks, people experience 5 of these… depressed moon, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite, sleep, physical activity level, feeling of worthlessness or guilt, problems with concentration, suicidal thoughts or ideation

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22
Q

lifetime prevalence of mood disorders: unipolar

A

women: 20%
men: 12%

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23
Q

stats of suicide

A

attempted by 30% of depressed people

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24
Q

bipolar mood disorders

A

bipolar disorder
-mania (often cycles w depression)
-diagnosis correlated with ppl in creative professions & americans
-higher suicide risk
-gender ration: equal

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25
Q

lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder

A

1% - rare

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26
Q

explaining unipolar depression

A

the brain has decreased activity in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere
-low serotonin & norepinephrine
-hereditary factors (twin studies)

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27
Q

what does a plant based diet do?

A

lowers inflammation

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28
Q

what is inflammation linked with?

A

depression

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29
Q

what is alcohol correlated with?

A

highly correlated with depression diagnoses

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30
Q

internal vs external locus

A

internal- you did not get job bc of “I did it wrong” “i always mess up”

external- “they already made their decision when I went in there” you did not get the job bc of something to do with them

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31
Q

global vs specific

A

global- this alwaysss happens & will alwaysss happen

specific- this is just a specific situation that kept me from getting the job “I need to go get the requirement”

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32
Q

stable vs unstable

A

stable- not move easily; youre stuck their, youre not going to be able to change this

unstable- i can change this, im not stuck there

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33
Q

how do anxious people interpret things?

A

ambiguously - as threatening
they are hypervigilant
have a higher chance of recalling threatening event

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34
Q

why do we look at twin studies for anxiety

A

to see if both twins have the disorder
-to see if its genetics or a learned behavior

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35
Q

explain the unipolar mood disorder (the type of person

A

-have negative thoughts & moods
-stressed, hopeless
-learned helplessness (Passive resignation)
-rumination

36
Q

where is unipolar mood disorder common?

A

-more in western cultures
-can be due to lack of commitment to religion & family

37
Q

bipolar disorder suicide rates

A

the same in both men & women

38
Q

do you need medication for bipolar disorder?

A

yes
however, depression may or may not need medication

39
Q

what are the attribution styles at highest risk for depression?

A

internal - its my fault
global - this will always happen
& stable - i cant change it

40
Q

explaining bipolar disorder

A

-na+ ion instability
-low serotonin
-norephinephrin (low-depression) (high-mania)

-genetics

41
Q

cycle of unipolar depression

A

Stress experience→Negativity→depression→cog & beh changes

42
Q

diagnosing schizophrenia step 1

A
  1. 1 month individual displays 2 or more of the following symptoms

a. Delusions
b) Hallucinations
c) Disorganized speech
d) Very abnormal motor activity, including catatonia
e) Negative symptoms

43
Q

what is a delusion

A

blatantly false belief

44
Q

what is disorganized thinking & speech

A

very disjointed or loose ideas or made-up words uses for words

45
Q

what are hallucinations?

A

perception that you are sensing something that is not physically present. it originates from the mind

most common: hearing voices (auditory hallucinations)

46
Q

what is an inappropriate affect?

A

using the wrong emotion for the moment (laughing at a funeral when everyone is sad)

47
Q

what is the second step to diagnose schizophrenia

A

as least one of the individuals symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech

48
Q

what is the third step to diagnose schizophrenia

A

individual functions much more poorly in various life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms

49
Q

what is the fourth step to diagnose schizophrenia

A

beyond this one month of intense symptomology, individual continues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least 5 additional months.

50
Q

what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

a) Delusions
b) Hallucinations
c) Disorganized speech
d) Very abnormal motor activity, including catatonia

51
Q

what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  1. Diminished Speech (alogia)
  2. Blunted & Flat Affect
  3. Loss motivation
  4. Impaired theory of mind
  5. Catatonia
52
Q

what is diminshed speech (alogia)?

A

don’t talk as much as they used to

53
Q

what are blunted & flat affects?

A

Diminished or minimal emotional expression

54
Q

what is impaired theory of mind?

A

Can’t take someone else’s perspective

55
Q

what is catatonia?

A

Remaining motionless for hours OR extreme agitation and excitement (can range…basically motor dysfunction)

56
Q

what are the types of schizophrenia?

A

chronic & acute

57
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A
  • Appears late adolescent/early adulthood
  • Progressive
58
Q

acute schizophrenia

A

-Can appear any age
-As a result of trauma or major stressors
-Greater likelihood of recovery

59
Q

what type of disorder is schizophrenia?

A

a psychotic disorder

60
Q

what happens to a brain with schizophrenia?

A

alters ventricle size
-not a high chance of coming back unless its caught early enough and given medication
-some people (25%) can recover

-dopamine levels change

61
Q

dopamine chain

A

the low is parkinson’s disease

the high is schizophrenia

62
Q

what is gray matter?

A

the cell bodies

63
Q

what happens with grey matter in schizophrenia?

A

you have smaller amounts of gray matter

64
Q

prenatal risks of schizophrenia

A

winter births
flu or other viral exposure in utero
high antibodies in maternal blood

65
Q

is schizophrenia a common disorder?

A

its 1%, so rare

66
Q

what are the symptoms of Dissociative Disorders ?

A

identity confusion
identity alteration
derealization
depersonalization
amnesia

67
Q

examples of dissociative disorders

A

dissociative amnesia (fear is repressed, dont remember it)

dissociative figure

Dissociative Identity DIsorder

68
Q

what are personality disorders characterized by?

A

-Cluster A (odd-eccentic)
- Cluster B (dramatic-emotional)
-Cluster C (anxious-fearful)

69
Q

personality disorders

A

inflexible & enduring patterns of behavior that impair one’s social functioning

70
Q

cluster A (odd eccentic)

A

-paranoia: worried about things constantly
-schizoid: hermit, dont see the need of people- happy all by themselves
-schizotypal: schizophrenic like, but not to the same intensity

71
Q

cluster B (dramatic-emotional)

A

antisocial!: see slide
borderline:
histrionic: wants attention all the time, go to any lengths to get attention
Narcissistic: use others to get higher on the totem pole and then just drop them

72
Q

paranoia

A

worried about things constantly

73
Q

schizoid

A

hermit, dont see the need of people- happy all by themselves

74
Q

schizotypal

A

schizophrenic like, but not to the same intensity

75
Q

antisocial (know this!)

A

-person shows no regard
-break law, take things just bc they need it

  1. fail to conform with social norms, do things that are grounds for arrest
  2. lie pathologically, deceitful, con for personal profit
  3. failure to plan ahead or impulsivity
  4. aggressive & indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults
76
Q

cluster C (anxious-fearful)

A

avoidant:
dependent: needs other to make decisions for them
obsessive-compulsive: mild version of OCD- likes everything in order, organizing things..

77
Q

do more men or women have antisocial?

A

men

78
Q

do more women or men have borderline?

A

women

79
Q

what antisocial personality disorder happens

A

-

80
Q

what are the eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
bing eating disorders

81
Q

factors of eating disorders

A

genetic predisposition
gender
cultural factors

82
Q

what is the lifetime prevalence for anorexia & bulimia?

A

0.5 - 4% rare/common

83
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

changes a way someone things/sees their own body
seek control, so they show their control with food

84
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

lack of control with food
eat a lot
vomit it back up or take laxitaves
excessive exercise

85
Q

when would anorexia in a man

A

in the 90s (the skinny look)
sports
modeling

86
Q

anorexia nervosa medical problems

A

amenorrhea
low blood temp
low body temp
decrease in bone density
cardiovascular & kidney issues
death

87
Q

medical problems of bulimia nervosa

A

decaying teeth & gums
brittle bones
more of a normal weight (not underweight)

general psychology (21 decks)

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