chapter 14 part 1 Flashcards
abnormal behavior- the 4 Ds
*deviance
-unusual behavior, socially unacceptable, break from reality
*distress
*dysfunction
-maladaptive, self-defeating behavior
*dangerous behavior
what is classification necessary for?
- prediction of disorders course
- treatment suggestion
- research into causes & possible treatments
what are the dangers in ‘labeling’?
-expectation effects
-self-fulfilling prophecy
-rosenhan study
psychological disorder
the presence of a constellation of symptoms that create significant distress or impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living
what book is used to categorize & diagnose disorders?
-the diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM-5)
-used for diagnosing disorders
-varying degrees of accuracy
what approach for categorizing disorders us used today?
often use BioPsychSocal approach today
disorders
- anxiety, OCD, PTSD
- Major Depressive Disorder & Bipolar Disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Dissociative Disorders
- Personality Disorders
- Eating Disorders
three types of anxiety disorders
-generalized anxiety disorder
-Panic disorder
-phobias
generalized anxiety disorder
-A person for no obvious reason, is continually tense &
uneasy
-Lifetime prevalence 6%
panic disorder
-A disorder in which a person experiences panic attacks
-Begins to fear Panic attacks
-can lead to Agoraphobia
-Lifetime prevalence 5% COMMON
two types of phobias
social anxiety disorder
specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
a type of phobia
-A disorder in which a person fear public humiliation and/or
embarrassment
-Lifetime prevalence 12% COMMON
specific phobia
-odd fears
-A disorder in which a person has an intense fear and avoidance of a specific object, or situation.
-Lifetime prevalence 12% COMMON
OCD
obsessive compulsive disorder
-unwanted repetitive thoughts & behaviors
-obsession: thought
-compulsion:action (checking, washing, ordering)
-Lifetime prevalence 2-3% MODERTE
PTSD
post traumatic stress disorder
-traumatic event
-fear of helplessness
-symptoms
common, moderate, & rare lifetime prevalance
common: 5% or more
moderate:2-4%
rare: 1% or less
symptoms of PTSD
-Re-experience event
-Avoidance and emotional numbing
-Social withdrawal
-Insomnia
-Heightened arousal
lifetime prevalence of PTSD
7-9% (among Americans) COMMON
-strongly affected by environment
Explaining Anxiety, OCD, PTSD
conditioning
-little albert
-Anxiety cues: Stimulus generalization & reinforcement
cognition
-hypervigilant: attend more to threatening stimuli
-Interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening
-Higher chance of recalling threatening event
biology
-genes: family studies, twin studies, chemical levels (serotonin), epigenetics
* Runs in families
-the brain: amygdala (hypersensitive) anterior cingulate cortex (hyperactive in monitoring & checking for errors))
mood disorders
-Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression)
-bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder how to diagnose
(unipolar)
-major depressive disorder
-a disorder that over two consecutive weeks, people experience 5 of these… depressed moon, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite, sleep, physical activity level, feeling of worthlessness or guilt, problems with concentration, suicidal thoughts or ideation
lifetime prevalence of mood disorders: unipolar
women: 20%
men: 12%
stats of suicide
attempted by 30% of depressed people
bipolar mood disorders
bipolar disorder
-mania (often cycles w depression)
-diagnosis correlated with ppl in creative professions & americans
-higher suicide risk
-gender ration: equal
lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder
1% - rare
explaining unipolar depression
the brain has decreased activity in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere
-low serotonin & norepinephrine
-hereditary factors (twin studies)
what does a plant based diet do?
lowers inflammation
what is inflammation linked with?
depression
what is alcohol correlated with?
highly correlated with depression diagnoses
internal vs external locus
internal- you did not get job bc of “I did it wrong” “i always mess up”
external- “they already made their decision when I went in there” you did not get the job bc of something to do with them
global vs specific
global- this alwaysss happens & will alwaysss happen
specific- this is just a specific situation that kept me from getting the job “I need to go get the requirement”
stable vs unstable
stable- not move easily; youre stuck their, youre not going to be able to change this
unstable- i can change this, im not stuck there
how do anxious people interpret things?
ambiguously - as threatening
they are hypervigilant
have a higher chance of recalling threatening event
why do we look at twin studies for anxiety
to see if both twins have the disorder
-to see if its genetics or a learned behavior
explain the unipolar mood disorder (the type of person
-have negative thoughts & moods
-stressed, hopeless
-learned helplessness (Passive resignation)
-rumination
where is unipolar mood disorder common?
-more in western cultures
-can be due to lack of commitment to religion & family
bipolar disorder suicide rates
the same in both men & women
do you need medication for bipolar disorder?
yes
however, depression may or may not need medication
what are the attribution styles at highest risk for depression?
internal - its my fault
global - this will always happen
& stable - i cant change it
explaining bipolar disorder
-na+ ion instability
-low serotonin
-norephinephrin (low-depression) (high-mania)
-genetics
cycle of unipolar depression
Stress experience→Negativity→depression→cog & beh changes
diagnosing schizophrenia step 1
- 1 month individual displays 2 or more of the following symptoms
a. Delusions
b) Hallucinations
c) Disorganized speech
d) Very abnormal motor activity, including catatonia
e) Negative symptoms
what is a delusion
blatantly false belief
what is disorganized thinking & speech
very disjointed or loose ideas or made-up words uses for words
what are hallucinations?
perception that you are sensing something that is not physically present. it originates from the mind
most common: hearing voices (auditory hallucinations)
what is an inappropriate affect?
using the wrong emotion for the moment (laughing at a funeral when everyone is sad)
what is the second step to diagnose schizophrenia
as least one of the individuals symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech
what is the third step to diagnose schizophrenia
individual functions much more poorly in various life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms
what is the fourth step to diagnose schizophrenia
beyond this one month of intense symptomology, individual continues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least 5 additional months.
what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
a) Delusions
b) Hallucinations
c) Disorganized speech
d) Very abnormal motor activity, including catatonia
what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- Diminished Speech (alogia)
- Blunted & Flat Affect
- Loss motivation
- Impaired theory of mind
- Catatonia
what is diminshed speech (alogia)?
don’t talk as much as they used to
what are blunted & flat affects?
Diminished or minimal emotional expression
what is impaired theory of mind?
Can’t take someone else’s perspective
what is catatonia?
Remaining motionless for hours OR extreme agitation and excitement (can range…basically motor dysfunction)
what are the types of schizophrenia?
chronic & acute
chronic schizophrenia
- Appears late adolescent/early adulthood
- Progressive
acute schizophrenia
-Can appear any age
-As a result of trauma or major stressors
-Greater likelihood of recovery
what type of disorder is schizophrenia?
a psychotic disorder
what happens to a brain with schizophrenia?
alters ventricle size
-not a high chance of coming back unless its caught early enough and given medication
-some people (25%) can recover
-dopamine levels change
dopamine chain
the low is parkinson’s disease
the high is schizophrenia
what is gray matter?
the cell bodies
what happens with grey matter in schizophrenia?
you have smaller amounts of gray matter
prenatal risks of schizophrenia
winter births
flu or other viral exposure in utero
high antibodies in maternal blood
is schizophrenia a common disorder?
its 1%, so rare
what are the symptoms of Dissociative Disorders ?
identity confusion
identity alteration
derealization
depersonalization
amnesia
examples of dissociative disorders
dissociative amnesia (fear is repressed, dont remember it)
dissociative figure
Dissociative Identity DIsorder
what are personality disorders characterized by?
-Cluster A (odd-eccentic)
- Cluster B (dramatic-emotional)
-Cluster C (anxious-fearful)
personality disorders
inflexible & enduring patterns of behavior that impair one’s social functioning
cluster A (odd eccentic)
-paranoia: worried about things constantly
-schizoid: hermit, dont see the need of people- happy all by themselves
-schizotypal: schizophrenic like, but not to the same intensity
cluster B (dramatic-emotional)
antisocial!: see slide
borderline:
histrionic: wants attention all the time, go to any lengths to get attention
Narcissistic: use others to get higher on the totem pole and then just drop them
paranoia
worried about things constantly
schizoid
hermit, dont see the need of people- happy all by themselves
schizotypal
schizophrenic like, but not to the same intensity
antisocial (know this!)
-person shows no regard
-break law, take things just bc they need it
- fail to conform with social norms, do things that are grounds for arrest
- lie pathologically, deceitful, con for personal profit
- failure to plan ahead or impulsivity
- aggressive & indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults
cluster C (anxious-fearful)
avoidant:
dependent: needs other to make decisions for them
obsessive-compulsive: mild version of OCD- likes everything in order, organizing things..
do more men or women have antisocial?
men
do more women or men have borderline?
women
what antisocial personality disorder happens
-
what are the eating disorders
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
bing eating disorders
factors of eating disorders
genetic predisposition
gender
cultural factors
what is the lifetime prevalence for anorexia & bulimia?
0.5 - 4% rare/common
anorexia nervosa
changes a way someone things/sees their own body
seek control, so they show their control with food
bulimia nervosa
lack of control with food
eat a lot
vomit it back up or take laxitaves
excessive exercise
when would anorexia in a man
in the 90s (the skinny look)
sports
modeling
anorexia nervosa medical problems
amenorrhea
low blood temp
low body temp
decrease in bone density
cardiovascular & kidney issues
death
medical problems of bulimia nervosa
decaying teeth & gums
brittle bones
more of a normal weight (not underweight)
