chapter 9 part 1

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

mental activities & processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating information

Question 2

what can cognition include

Answer 2

reasoning, judgement, & assembling new information into knowledge

Question 3

concept

Answer 3

a concept is a grouping of similar objects, events, states, ideas, and/or people, etc
-look for similarities (generalization)
-look for differences (discrimination)

Question 4

concepts can be….

Answer 4

concrete (objects)
action/function (eating at a restaurant)
abstract (love)

Question 5

prototypes

Answer 5

a mental representation that serves as a cognitive reference point for the category or concept

Question 6

algorithms

Answer 6

step-by step procedures that guarantee a solution

Question 7

trial & error

Answer 7

randomly trying different combinations in no particular order

Question 7

heuristics

Answer 7

short cut using rules of thumb

Question 8

insights

Answer 8

an abrupt, true-seeming, & often satisfying solution

Question 9

types of problem solving

Answer 9

1. algorithms
2. trial & error
3. heuristics
4. insights

Question 10

what part of the brain is active during a moment of insight?

Answer 10

the right temporal robe

Question 11

confirmation bias

Answer 11

the tendency to look for evidence that confirms or upholds our beliefs

Question 12

prior it insight, what happens?

Answer 12

right visual cortex activity shows
-could be because it is trying to aid creativity
-equivalent to closing your eyes to enhance mental state

Question 13

what do we need to do in research

Answer 13

avoid confirmation bias

Question 14

obsticles to effective problems solving

Answer 14

fixation, confirmation bias, heuristics

Question 15

intuition

Answer 15

fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings & thoughts

Question 16

what do we use to make snap jusgements

Answer 16

no problem solving, intuition, quick heuristics (without thought)

Question 17

unconscious thought

Answer 17

1. based on experience we are able to make quick judgements
2. number one leads to allowing better decision making
3. intuition leads to deep complex processing that is unconscious after reading complex info

Question 18

availability heuristics

Answer 18

what comes to mind quickly is deemed significant- sometimes incorrectly

Question 19

overconfidence

Answer 19

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge & judgments

Question 20

benefits of overconfidence

Answer 20

makes us happier, more competent & make tough decisions easier

Question 21

problems with overconfidence

Answer 21

can lead to error in judgement, tend to overestimate abilities (planning fallacy)

Question 22

belief perseverance

Answer 22

tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence
-rather than using evidence to draw conclusions, they used their conclusions to asses evidence ( a phenomenon known as motivated reasoning)

Question 23

what reduces bias?

Answer 23

considering opposing arguments

Question 24

is it easier to from beliefs or to change them?

Answer 24

the form them

Question 25

framing

Answer 25

choices are influenced by the context in which they are presented

Question 26

point to remember

Answer 26

-framing can nudge out attitudes & decisions
-be aware of framing
-Those more involved are more likely to consider the evidence
(but belief perseverance could impact, too).