Psychology 111- Chapter 9

Question 1

Cognitive Miser

Answer 1

our brains are lazy and want to use the least amount of resources possible to get the job done

Question 2

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 2

drawing general conclusions from specific evidence (less certain)

Question 3

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 3

reasoning from general statements to make specific conclusions (ex: logic puzzles, not as much in daily life)

Question 4

syntax

Answer 4

rules for how we put words together

Question 5

grammar

Answer 5

rules beyond just combining words (ex: capitalization)

Question 6

Homesign

Answer 6

for deaf children born into hearing families, the child creates its own sign language for communication

Question 7

Symbolic rules

Answer 7

has to be able to refer to objects or ideas that are not currently in the environment

Question 8

generative rules

Answer 8

small number of symbols/gestures can be combined into an infinite number of words or sentences

Question 9

structured rules

Answer 9

there has to be rules for common things to be explained and the communication of information

Question 10

denotation

Answer 10

dictionary definition of the word

Question 11

connotation

Answer 11

persons individualized meaning of the word (ex: slang)

Question 12

socio-cultural observational learning

Answer 12

we learn language and how to communicate by watching and interacting with members of our own culture

Question 13

Behaviorist

Answer 13

-B.F. Skinner
- said that children learn language based on rewards/punishments they receive for learning language

Question 14

Nativist (Language Aquisition Device)

Answer 14

• Nom Chomsky
• said that language was innate in humans
• Language Aquisition Device = area of the brain that is geared toward learning language

Question 15

Interactionist

Answer 15

some things better explained through each theory (none give full perspective-> interaction of all of them)

Question 16

Phoneme

Answer 16

unit of language that is 1 sound
- babies can understand and interpret more phonemes than at any other point in their lives

Question 17

Morphemes

Answer 17

segments of a word that have meaning (prefixes, suffixes, root words)

Question 18

Receptive vocabulary

Answer 18

the number of words you understand

Question 19

productive vocabulary

Answer 19

number of words you use

Question 20

telegraphic speech

Answer 20

simple speech young children first use; starting to work with syntax and grammar

Question 21

overextension

Answer 21

use a word more liberally than they should

Question 22

underextension

Answer 22

use a term more narrowly than they should

Question 23

overregularization

Answer 23

using regular grammar rules for irregular words

Question 24

field dependence

Answer 24

focusing on context of situation to solve a problem

Question 25

field independence

Answer 25

ignoring context of problem and focusing solely on the problem

Question 26

irrelevant information

Answer 26

given a lot of info-> need to focus on relevant info

Question 27

functional fixedness

Answer 27

have a hard time seeing an object outside of its typical use

Question 28

unnecessary constraints

Answer 28

assuming there are rules for solving the problem that aren’t actually there

Question 29

anticipated regret

Answer 29

humans think they are going to regret things at a much higher rate than they actually regret things

Question 30

theory of bounded rationality

Answer 30

when presented with a decision, we focus on a few aspects instead of thinking through the entire problem

Question 31

conjunction fallacy

Answer 31

2 things are more likely to happen together than they are by themselves

Question 32

recognition heuristic

Answer 32

make decisions based on the options that you recognize

Question 33

hindsight bias

Answer 33

once we know the outcome, we assume we always knew the outcome

Question 34

affect heuristic

Answer 34

make decisions based on emotional/gut feelings instead of rational thought

Question 35

alternative outcomes effect

Answer 35

we believe past events have an influence on future, random events

Question 36

anchoring heuristic

Answer 36

if asked to give a number and you go after someone, you pick an answer close to theirs

Question 37

availability heuristic

Answer 37

make decisions based on the info most easily available to you

Question 38

confirmation bias

Answer 38

ignore/forget info that doesn’t agree with you and focus on the info that does

Question 39

overconfidence

Answer 39

more confident in our own decisions than others decisions

Question 40

ostrich bias

Answer 40

ignore negative info and focus on the positive info