Psychology 111- Chapter 9 Flashcards
Cognitive Miser
our brains are lazy and want to use the least amount of resources possible to get the job done
Inductive Reasoning
drawing general conclusions from specific evidence (less certain)
Deductive Reasoning
reasoning from general statements to make specific conclusions (ex: logic puzzles, not as much in daily life)
syntax
rules for how we put words together
grammar
rules beyond just combining words (ex: capitalization)
Homesign
for deaf children born into hearing families, the child creates its own sign language for communication
Symbolic rules
has to be able to refer to objects or ideas that are not currently in the environment
generative rules
small number of symbols/gestures can be combined into an infinite number of words or sentences
structured rules
there has to be rules for common things to be explained and the communication of information
denotation
dictionary definition of the word
connotation
persons individualized meaning of the word (ex: slang)
socio-cultural observational learning
we learn language and how to communicate by watching and interacting with members of our own culture
Behaviorist
-B.F. Skinner
- said that children learn language based on rewards/punishments they receive for learning language
Nativist (Language Aquisition Device)
- Nom Chomsky
- said that language was innate in humans
- Language Aquisition Device = area of the brain that is geared toward learning language
Interactionist
some things better explained through each theory (none give full perspective-> interaction of all of them)
Phoneme
unit of language that is 1 sound
- babies can understand and interpret more phonemes than at any other point in their lives
Morphemes
segments of a word that have meaning (prefixes, suffixes, root words)
Receptive vocabulary
the number of words you understand
productive vocabulary
number of words you use
telegraphic speech
simple speech young children first use; starting to work with syntax and grammar
overextension
use a word more liberally than they should
underextension
use a term more narrowly than they should
overregularization
using regular grammar rules for irregular words
field dependence
focusing on context of situation to solve a problem
field independence
ignoring context of problem and focusing solely on the problem
irrelevant information
given a lot of info-> need to focus on relevant info
functional fixedness
have a hard time seeing an object outside of its typical use
unnecessary constraints
assuming there are rules for solving the problem that aren’t actually there
anticipated regret
humans think they are going to regret things at a much higher rate than they actually regret things
theory of bounded rationality
when presented with a decision, we focus on a few aspects instead of thinking through the entire problem
conjunction fallacy
2 things are more likely to happen together than they are by themselves
recognition heuristic
make decisions based on the options that you recognize
hindsight bias
once we know the outcome, we assume we always knew the outcome
affect heuristic
make decisions based on emotional/gut feelings instead of rational thought
alternative outcomes effect
we believe past events have an influence on future, random events
anchoring heuristic
if asked to give a number and you go after someone, you pick an answer close to theirs
availability heuristic
make decisions based on the info most easily available to you
confirmation bias
ignore/forget info that doesn’t agree with you and focus on the info that does
overconfidence
more confident in our own decisions than others decisions
ostrich bias
ignore negative info and focus on the positive info