Psychology 111- Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
trait
A
a disposition to behave consistently in a paarticular way
2
Q
state
A
reactions to environment influence how you respond, temporary
3
Q
free association
A
you have a stream of consciousness, saying anything and everything that comes to mind regardless of what is socially acceptable-> consistencies tell about personality
4
Q
self-concept
A
your thoughts/opinions that relate to yourself, not necessarily accurate because it is about what you think/percieve
5
Q
individualism
A
trusting yourself, knowing who you are and responding to things based on that knowledge
6
Q
Person-situation controversy
A
is the situation causing the reaction or is the person just reacting-> looking at one instance/experience->situation has more influence; looking at multiple situations-> person has more influence
7
Q
narcissism
A
personality trait, over-inflated ego; liked when we first meet them but as time goes on it becomes difficult to maintain that relationship
8
Q
physiognomy
A
belief that you can tell someone’s personality based on their body’s physical attributes
9
Q
Sheldon’s Body Type Theory
A
if you were skinny/lanky you were introverted, muscled=bold… etc.
10
Q
phrenology
A
based on bumps/divots on the head, you have different personality
11
Q
Four Humors
A
depending on different fluids and their proportions in their body then it determined your personality
12
Q
unconscious
A
elements deep in your mind that you’re not aware of-> contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness but still motivate most of our speech, thought, feeling, or actions (Freud)
13
Q
preconscious
A
things you’re not thinking about but with purpose can pull them to the surface
14
Q
conscious
A
things you are aware of/currently thinking about
15
Q
Id
A
the devil on your shoulder, dark/evil instincts that tell you to do what you want and prioritize your desires
16
Q
Ego
A
what interacts with world, aware of norms/expectations (in between Id and Superego)
17
Q
Superego
A
morality, only do good, “angel”
18
Q
Oral
A
- 0-18 months
- in this stage, erogenous stage is the mouth-> Id is focused on feeding/sucking; could impact behavior in the future if didn’t get enough food/sucking
19
Q
Anal
A
- 18-36 months
- potty training (control of cladder/bowel)-> how you potty train impacts personality
20
Q
Phallic
A
- 3-6 years
- start to become aware of different genders
- boy- Oedipal complex-> want to have sex with mom and kill dad
- girl- electric complex-> want to kill mom and have sex with dad
- though girls suffered “penis envy” because wanted to be boys
21
Q
Latency
A
- 6-puberty
- suppressing sexual feelings/interests and focusing on same-sex friendships
22
Q
genital
A
- puberty onward
- start to express sexual feelings and create romantic relationships
23
Q
regression
A
retreat to earlier psychosexual stage as a form of psychological retreat
24
Q
denial
A
refuse to accept/acknowledge reality
25
projection
the uncomfortable thoughts/opinions you are feeling and putting them on someone else
26
displacement
replacing what you're feeling with different thought/feeling, focus on that element and ignore your thought
27
reaction formation
you are feeling a way that is not considered socially acceptable so you swing to opposite side of spectrum to how you think you should be acting
28
rationalization
come up with excuses for behavior that are socially acceptable
29
development
research doesn't support psychosexual, cemented by 18 by Freud when in reality is throughout life, evidence that gender identity comes about before phallic stage when Freud said it would
30
dreams
unlocking unconscious, research shows that dreams are more about conscious thoughts
31
defense mechanisms
most supported BUT instead of protecting Id/superego, its more about protecting bias/self esteem
32
problems with repression
Freud thought that if we experienced something really traumatic, we would push it deep into our unconscious; true repression is questionable
33
falsifiability
something we can't test (we cannot test his theories since we can't "reach into the subconscious")-> unscientific
34
trajectory
he explains behavior after it has occurred, little about predicting/changing behavior
35
sexist
"Penis envy", believed that women didn't have any morality, believed that same sex attraction was acceptable for men but not women
36
personal unconscious
your own personal subconscious
37
collective unconscious
unconscious passed down through generations
38
Jung Analytic Theory
unconscious is things you forget not just all of the "bad" stuff
39
ancestral memory archetypes
images/thought patterns thought to be universal and housed in the collective unconscious
40
anima/animus
- anima= feminine energy components of a male, animus= masculine components of a female
41
shadow
your sex/life instincts tend to be pretty dark, small component of collective unconscious
42
persona
how we present ourselves to the world, shields ego-> more personal experience, can see different elements of persona based on context/situation
43
OCEAN
- Openness (willingness to try new things)
- conscientiousness (pay attention to rules, deadlines, and regulations
- extraversion (do you get energy from others)
- agreeableness (how well you get along with others)
- neuroticism (worry, anxiety)
44
stability
the personality you have when you are young is similar to when you are older, but stabilizes around the age of 40
45
maturity principle
as we age we become more conscientious, agreeable, and decrease in neuroticism
46
brain structure (extravert)
people high in extraversion tend to have lower general activity in the brain-> may be why they seek out external stimulation from other people, high in conscientiousness, tend to have larger frontal lobes, high in neuroticism, tend to have more activity when experiencing stress
47
birth order
no correlation between birth order and any of the Big 5
48
culture
these traits have been seen in many countries-> pretty universal, there are different combinations of likelihood based on your culture, the typical distribution of these traits in a country is considered that country's national character
49
prediction
people high in conscientiousness and agreeableness suggests you would do well in workplace, high extraversion are more likely to use personal pronouns in texts
50
Roger's person centered theory
important for clinical psychology; says 3 things are necessary to create environment for personality growth: 1) acceptance (of the person, not necessarily their acts), 2) genuineness (need to be able to respond openly, honestly, and spontaneously to the person, and 3) empathy (you should be trying to mirror the persons feelings and thoughts to understand their perspective)
51
Eysenck's dimensional theory
all personality can be plotted on 2 dimensions (high->low neuroticism and introversion-> extraversion)
52
Allport's trait types (cardinal, central, secondary)
how people interact with context and situation that you enjoy (trait you exhibit)
- cardinal: rules and behaviors you approach a situation that you enjoy
- central: traits most people show, correlation with big 5
- secondary: situation specific, not traits you typically show but show in specific situations (ex: emergency)
53
Biological theory
genetic aspect to personality
- evolutionary = because people with these traits survived, they are more likely to be seen cross-culturally
- genes= some similarities between personality and their genes (ex: identical twins raised separately-> large correlation of distribution of big 5)
54
projective tests
the person creates something and based on that, you make judgements about their personality
- not definitive, just a tool
55
thematic apperception test
showing still images, there is at least 1 person in each image, asked to create a story based on what you think is going on in the image
56
human figure drawing
asked to draw picture of person, based on what and how you include/exclude from drawings, it says different things about personality, often used with children
57
personality inventories
long questionnaires that ask a lot of questions-> based on their responses, says what their personality is
58
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
originally used to look at emotional disorders, but now used to look at personality, 13 scales of personality
59
Myers-Briggs
4 letter grading of your personality, based on psychoanalysis, not super reliable (when retested within 5 weeks, 50% of participants got a different response)
60
social media
the footprint you leave on social media can tell something about your personality
61
behavioral thresholds
the points at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one
62
striving for superiority
the major drive behind all behavior whereby humans naturally strive to overcome their inherent inferiorities/deficiencies (both physical and psychological)
63
compensation
unconscious reaction people have to cover up their weaknesses and sense of inferiority by striving for supremacy
64
inferiority complex
unhealthy need to dominate/upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency
65
unconditional positive regard
acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior
66
psychoticism
dispositions toward lack of impulse control, lack of interpersonal warmth, aggressiveness, and creative thought/behavior
67
cortical arousal
the brain's level of activity at a resting state and its sensitivity to stimulation
68
sensory threshold
how much of a stimulus is required for it to be perceived
69
Quantitative trait loci approach
technique in behavioral genetics that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors
70
genome-wide association study
a genetic marker method that searches the genome for small variations that occur in different frequencies in different people
71
rational method
method of developing questionairre items that involves using reason or theory to come up with questions
72
empirical method
a method for developing questionnaire items that focuses on including questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended to distinguish
