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Alexis Small > Psychology 111- Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Psychology 111- Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

taking in external experiences in order to create stable memories

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2
Q

engram

A

only place people thought memories were stored

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3
Q

storage

A

what memory is doing when not actively interacting with it

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4
Q

retrieval

A

recalling that info at a later date

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5
Q

structural processing

A
  • just focusing on visual components
  • uses occipital lobe
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6
Q

phonemic processing

A
  • the sound of the word
  • uses temporal lobe
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7
Q

semantic processing

A
  • builds more info on the memory
  • focusing on the meaning of what you’re trying to encode
  • frontal lobe
  • most effective
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8
Q

organizational processing

A
  • focused on how different types of stimuli fit together
  • uses frontal lobe
  • build more info on the memory
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9
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

best to encode info in same way it is being tested

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10
Q

elaboration

A

building additional information onto what you’re trying to remember

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11
Q

dual-coding theory

A

best to encode info using two types of processing

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12
Q

self-referent encoding

A

connecting info to ourselves

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13
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A

even in loud spaces, you can hear your name over the sound of the party

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14
Q

motivation to remember

A

if you increase your motivation to remember, it is easier to remember it when you need it

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15
Q

peg words

A

using rhyming words to remember list

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16
Q

method of loci

A

choose familiar environment and place info along the path you typically take in that environment, walk along the path to remember that info

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17
Q

chunking

A

put small pieces into larger memory (combining smaller pieces to remember the info better)

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18
Q

Spacing/Testing effect

A

easier to remember info if you space out learning of it and do repeated testing

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19
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

A

3 “bins” of memory: sensory-> short term memory-> long term memory

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20
Q

sensory memory

A

quick, lasts for a short amount of time
- large capacity and short duration (can hold a lot of info for a short period of time)

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21
Q

short term memory (Miller 7 +/- 2)

A

longer than sensory memory, but still very short time span
- Miller 7+/- 2: average person can remember between 5 and 9 things in their short term memory

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22
Q

implicit memory

A

automatically without much guidance-> primarily in cerebellum and basal ganglia

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23
Q

explicit memory

A

actively trying to recall this memory-> in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

long term memory

A

we don’t know limits of long-term memory

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25
Q

procedural long-term memory

A

how we perform actions, more implicit

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26
Q

declarative long-term memory (semantic vs. episodic)

A
  • more explicit
  • semantic: factual memory, more objective
  • episodic: personal recollection of an event, more subjective
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27
Q

autobiographical long-term memory

A
  • blending personal semantic info (factual info you know about yourself) and episodic memory, important for interacting with other people (creating bonds, knowing how to act in social situations)
28
Q

HSAM

A
  • highly superior autobiographical memory
  • remember a lot of aspects of their lives
29
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future
- we are very bad at this type of memory

30
Q

retrospective memory

A
  • memory for the past
  • vast majority of memory
31
Q

working memory

A

aspect of short-term memory
- memory you are currently working with

32
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

just maintaining the info in short term memory
- often by just repeating it

33
Q

elaborative memory

A
  • adding info
  • making connections to make more imbedded memory
34
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

helps you remember visual and spatial information

35
Q

phonological loop

A

verbal and auditory information

36
Q

central executive

A

helps allocate resources and determine where focus should be

37
Q

episodic buffer

A

makes sure sequenced info is staying in sequence

38
Q

benefits of working memory

A

people who are better at using their working memory have better reading comprehension and better scores on logic tests/puzzles

39
Q

consolidation

A

cresting a long-term stable memory
- hippocampus is very important to this

40
Q

REM

A

consolidation happens during REM sleep, could be one of reasons REM sleep exists (better REM sleep = better consolidation)

41
Q

reconsolidation

A

and time recall info into short-term memory, we reconsolidate to put it back into long-term memory
- when memory is most open to change

42
Q

state dependent retrieval

A

easier to retrieve info when your mood at retrieval is the same as mood at encoding

43
Q

associative network

A

memory and other cognitive aspects are often connected in your mind

44
Q

schemas

A

clusters of knowledge about something (object/event)
- use it to shortcut our cognition, use our schemas to fill in gaps

45
Q

recall

A

testing memory without help/cues (ex. essay)

46
Q

reognition

A

testing memory with cues (ex. multiple choice)

47
Q

relearning

A

after you have learned how to do task/action, how long does it take you to relearn that task/action

48
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

forgetting everything in the past (inability to retrieve old memory)

49
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to create new memory, more common
- associated with hippocampus

50
Q

serial positioning effect

A

depending on where an item is in a list to be remembered, you may be more or less likely to remember those items

51
Q

primary (serial positioning effect)

A

words at beginning of list are more likely to be remembered because you are creating more stable memory because of elaborative rehearsal

52
Q

recency (serial positioning effect)

A

words at end of list are more likely to be remembered because they are still in short term memory
- if there is a delay between retrieval and storing, the recency effect basically goes away

53
Q

selective attention

A

determines info included in our memory (info we attend to is, info we don’t attend to isn’t)

54
Q

Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton

A

Thonpson identified Cotton as who committed an assault on her and he went to jail, later, DNA showed he didn’t do it

55
Q

Own Race Bias

A

we are better able to discriminate between members of our own race vs. members of another race

56
Q

source monitoring

A

remembering where you heard info from-> can be important when remembering news articles

57
Q

crypto amnesia

A

where you accidentally plagiarize (you have info in your memory and because you don’t have source info, you assume you created that element)

58
Q

processing errors

A

happens more on encoding side, if you misinterpret info then that misinterpretation is included in our memory, so the memory is incorrect

59
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue

A

you know that you know the info, but you can’t pull it to the surface

60
Q

Ineffective encoding

A

encoding wrong info or not using enough cognitive resources or aren’t paying enough attention

61
Q

decay/transience

A

normal forgetting that happens with time (as you get further from consolidation, the memory gets less detailed)

62
Q

retrieval failure

A

successfully encoded and stored info but can’t retrieve it

63
Q

proactive interference

A

where old info interferes with your ability to remember new info

64
Q

retroactive interference

A

new info interferes with your ability to remember old info

65
Q

suggestibility

A

your memory is changing because of outside info

66
Q

bias

A

we have bias on what memories we remember vs. forget (we like to think we’re good people, so we remember this info)

67
Q

persistence

A

continuously reconsolidating info
- PTSD= the info is brought back as intrusive memory, the memory is reconsolidated, the info can change and become more traumatic)

Alexis Small (19 decks)

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