Psychology 111- Chapter 7 Flashcards
encoding
taking in external experiences in order to create stable memories
engram
only place people thought memories were stored
storage
what memory is doing when not actively interacting with it
retrieval
recalling that info at a later date
structural processing
- just focusing on visual components
- uses occipital lobe
phonemic processing
- the sound of the word
- uses temporal lobe
semantic processing
- builds more info on the memory
- focusing on the meaning of what you’re trying to encode
- frontal lobe
- most effective
organizational processing
- focused on how different types of stimuli fit together
- uses frontal lobe
- build more info on the memory
encoding specificity principle
best to encode info in same way it is being tested
elaboration
building additional information onto what you’re trying to remember
dual-coding theory
best to encode info using two types of processing
self-referent encoding
connecting info to ourselves
cocktail party phenomenon
even in loud spaces, you can hear your name over the sound of the party
motivation to remember
if you increase your motivation to remember, it is easier to remember it when you need it
peg words
using rhyming words to remember list
method of loci
choose familiar environment and place info along the path you typically take in that environment, walk along the path to remember that info
chunking
put small pieces into larger memory (combining smaller pieces to remember the info better)
Spacing/Testing effect
easier to remember info if you space out learning of it and do repeated testing
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
3 “bins” of memory: sensory-> short term memory-> long term memory
sensory memory
quick, lasts for a short amount of time
- large capacity and short duration (can hold a lot of info for a short period of time)
short term memory (Miller 7 +/- 2)
longer than sensory memory, but still very short time span
- Miller 7+/- 2: average person can remember between 5 and 9 things in their short term memory
implicit memory
automatically without much guidance-> primarily in cerebellum and basal ganglia
explicit memory
actively trying to recall this memory-> in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
long term memory
we don’t know limits of long-term memory
procedural long-term memory
how we perform actions, more implicit
declarative long-term memory (semantic vs. episodic)
- more explicit
- semantic: factual memory, more objective
- episodic: personal recollection of an event, more subjective
autobiographical long-term memory
- blending personal semantic info (factual info you know about yourself) and episodic memory, important for interacting with other people (creating bonds, knowing how to act in social situations)
HSAM
- highly superior autobiographical memory
- remember a lot of aspects of their lives
prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
- we are very bad at this type of memory
retrospective memory
- memory for the past
- vast majority of memory
working memory
aspect of short-term memory
- memory you are currently working with
maintenance rehearsal
just maintaining the info in short term memory
- often by just repeating it
elaborative memory
- adding info
- making connections to make more imbedded memory
visuospatial sketchpad
helps you remember visual and spatial information
phonological loop
verbal and auditory information
central executive
helps allocate resources and determine where focus should be
episodic buffer
makes sure sequenced info is staying in sequence
benefits of working memory
people who are better at using their working memory have better reading comprehension and better scores on logic tests/puzzles
consolidation
cresting a long-term stable memory
- hippocampus is very important to this
REM
consolidation happens during REM sleep, could be one of reasons REM sleep exists (better REM sleep = better consolidation)
reconsolidation
and time recall info into short-term memory, we reconsolidate to put it back into long-term memory
- when memory is most open to change
state dependent retrieval
easier to retrieve info when your mood at retrieval is the same as mood at encoding
associative network
memory and other cognitive aspects are often connected in your mind
schemas
clusters of knowledge about something (object/event)
- use it to shortcut our cognition, use our schemas to fill in gaps
recall
testing memory without help/cues (ex. essay)
reognition
testing memory with cues (ex. multiple choice)
relearning
after you have learned how to do task/action, how long does it take you to relearn that task/action
retrograde amnesia
forgetting everything in the past (inability to retrieve old memory)
anterograde amnesia
inability to create new memory, more common
- associated with hippocampus
serial positioning effect
depending on where an item is in a list to be remembered, you may be more or less likely to remember those items
primary (serial positioning effect)
words at beginning of list are more likely to be remembered because you are creating more stable memory because of elaborative rehearsal
recency (serial positioning effect)
words at end of list are more likely to be remembered because they are still in short term memory
- if there is a delay between retrieval and storing, the recency effect basically goes away
selective attention
determines info included in our memory (info we attend to is, info we don’t attend to isn’t)
Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton
Thonpson identified Cotton as who committed an assault on her and he went to jail, later, DNA showed he didn’t do it
Own Race Bias
we are better able to discriminate between members of our own race vs. members of another race
source monitoring
remembering where you heard info from-> can be important when remembering news articles
crypto amnesia
where you accidentally plagiarize (you have info in your memory and because you don’t have source info, you assume you created that element)
processing errors
happens more on encoding side, if you misinterpret info then that misinterpretation is included in our memory, so the memory is incorrect
Tip-of-the-tongue
you know that you know the info, but you can’t pull it to the surface
Ineffective encoding
encoding wrong info or not using enough cognitive resources or aren’t paying enough attention
decay/transience
normal forgetting that happens with time (as you get further from consolidation, the memory gets less detailed)
retrieval failure
successfully encoded and stored info but can’t retrieve it
proactive interference
where old info interferes with your ability to remember new info
retroactive interference
new info interferes with your ability to remember old info
suggestibility
your memory is changing because of outside info
bias
we have bias on what memories we remember vs. forget (we like to think we’re good people, so we remember this info)
persistence
continuously reconsolidating info
- PTSD= the info is brought back as intrusive memory, the memory is reconsolidated, the info can change and become more traumatic)