Psychology 111- Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
sensation
A
happens first; interactions between sense organs and external stimuli, fairly objective (two people will have fairly similar sensations)
2
Q
perception
A
second, brain’s interpretation and understanding of sensation, completely internally (in brain), much more subjective
3
Q
Psychophysics
A
study of sensation and perception
4
Q
just noticeable difference and Weber’s law
A
how much of a change in stimulus is required for you to notice a change (not a fixed response)
- weber’s law: JND is constant proportion of initial stimulus
5
Q
absolute threshold
A
minimum amount of stimulus to say it exists
6
Q
stimulus intensity
A
how strong a stimulus is
7
Q
noise
A
other elements not associated with the stimulus
8
Q
response criteria
A
how sure you have to be in order to say yes
9
Q
hit
A
stimulus is present and you say stimulus is present
10
Q
false alarm
A
no stimulus, but you respond like there is
11
Q
correct rejection
A
no stimulus and respond like there is no stimulus
12
Q
miss
A
there is a stimulus, but you respond like there isn’t
13
Q
bottom-up processing theory
A
start with sensation and build understanding based on sensations (data driven processing of your experience)
14
Q
top-down processing theory
A
expectations and assumptions guide your understanding, doesn’t require as many cognitive resources but leads you wrong more often-> less accurate, less resources
15
Q
vision
A
strongest sense, used most often, can overrule other sensations
16
Q
light vs. color
A
1) stimulus for sensation
2) interpretation of that sensation
17
Q
light waves
A
larger- warmer colors, shorter-cooler colors, we only see a small section of light spectrum
18
Q
amplitude
A
midpoint to highest point (how tall the wave is), tells us intensity/saturation of the wave (low amplitude- light, high amplitude- dark)
19
Q
cornea
A
thin membrane that covers and protects the eye, protects from debris from pupil, allows light waves in
20
Q
pupil
A
black part of eye, a hole
21
Q
iris
A
color around pupil, muscle that changes the size of the pupil
22
Q
lens
A
behind pupil, after light goes though pupil it goes to lens, helps focus light wave for the rest of light wave to process
23
Q
accommodation
A
lens changes shape to do its focusing
24
Q
retina
A
very back of the eye, image projected onto retina is upside down, where most of sensation occurs
25
fovea
strongest visual accuity (where you see the best), right behind the pupil
26
rods
operate in lower light- shades of grey and black, not a lot of fine detail
27
cones
fine detail, color vision, need a lot of light, most cones are in fovea
28
bipolar and ganglion cells
rods pool their info and send it to one of these types of cells, one cone sends info to one set of bipolar and ganglion cell
29
blindspot
where optic nerve leaves the eye, no rods/cones in this area (any light projected onto this area is not being sent to the brain)
30
blindspot
where optic nerve leaves the eye, no rods/cones in this area (any light projected onto this area is not being sent to the brain)
31
Sclera
whites of the eye, humans have a lot compared to other animals (probably because of social reasons- helps with communication)
32
trichromatic
3 types of cones (S-cone= short wave lengths, m-cone= medium wave lengths, H-cones= high wave lengths), can see 1 million different colors
33
tetrachromatic
4 types of cones, also have a cone that operates in yellow area, can perceive differences in colors between H and M cones, can see 100 million different colors
34
mantis shrimp
has 12 different types of cones, see much larger area of visual light
35
Herring's Opponent Process
we have 3 cones, but the cones work in pairs of colors, when one is activated, the other is suppressed
36
colorblindness
one type of cone is not present or not very active, limited in amount of color you can see, can't perceive as much of a difference, much more likely to happen in men than women
37
Stratton, 1896
wore glasses that flipped world upside down and backwards, wore for 8 days, by the end could successfully navigate his environment-> showed that our senses are good at adaptation
38
Visual pathway
retina-> optic nerve-> optic chiasm-> optic tract-> thalamus-> primary visual cortex
39
optic chiasm
separation between what is in left field of vision and what is in right field of vision (left field of vision goes to right hemisphere and vice versa)
40
primary visual cortex
in occipital lobe
- the info builds, starts simple and becomes more complex
41
simple cells
respond to edge and line information
42
complex cells
continues to process orientation (edge) but starts to process movement as well
43
hypercomplex cells
put elements together for more complex picture, responds to different types of orientation
44
ventral stream
occipital-> temporal, tells us what we are looking at
45
dorsal stream
occipital-> parietal, tells us location and movement of object
46
apparent motion
when you see a quick succession of images and it looks like fluid motion (seeing motion that is implied but not really there-> flipbooks and old movies)
47
illusory conjunction
flash images quickly (can get details but can't put those details together-> we need time to focus our attention to create coherent images)
48
binocular cues
cues that require two eyes in order to tell depth-> look for retinal differences: the larger the difference, the closer something is and the smaller the difference, the further away
49
monocular cues
can be received by one eye
50
familiar size
- monocular cue
- we assume a typical size to determine depth
51
linear perspective
- monocular cue
- parallel lines seem to converge in the distance and are further apart in the near
52
texture gradient
- monocular cue
- the closer something is to you, the clearer the texture
53
interposition
- monocular cue
- if something is in front of something else, it is also nearer to you than the things behind it
54
relative height
- monocular cue
- in your visual field, things at the bottom are closer to you and things at the top are further away
55
gestalt grouping
- we assume things are connected
56
simplicity
- gestalt grouping
- we process images in the simplest way
57
closure
- gestalt grouping
- closing gaps in our mind to create perception of image
58
continuity
- gestalt grouping
- see continuous line/grouping because it is easier for our brain to process
59
similarity
- gestalt grouping
- group things that are similar to each other as if they are one group
60
proximity
- gestalt grouping
- group things that are close to each other together
61
common fate
- gestalt grouping
- objects that move together get grouped together
62
soundwaves
stimuli for sound
63
frequency
higher frequency. higher the pitch
64
amplitude
- how tall wave is
- taller the sound wave, louder the stimuli
65
complexity
- multiple sound waves hitting our ears at the same time, brain processed all the different sound waves to understand what you are hearing, more complex= harder to process
66
pinna
- part of outer ear
- funnels sound waves further into ear
67
auditory canal
- part of outer ear, where earwax is
68
eardrum/tympanic membrane
- part of outer ear
- soundwaves hit against eardrum, causing it to vibrate, the vibrations send soundwaves further into ear
69
middle ear
air filled
70
ossicles
3 smallest bones in body, located in middle ear, connects directly to eardrum
- hammer, anvil, stirrup
71
cochlea
- part of inner ear
- stirrup is right against this, causes it to vibrate, fluid filled
72
basilar membrane
- part of inner ear
- vibrations cause this to move because it is fluid filled
73
hair cells
- part of inner ear
- create the info sent to brain, all along basilar membrane
74
auditory nerve
- part of inner ear
- info collected by hair cells is sent here
75
semicircular canals
- part of inner ear
- come off of cochlea, fluid filled, have nothing to do with hearing, have to do with sense of balance
76
place theory
depending on frequency of the sound wave, different parts of basilar membrane are going to move (low frequency, closer to tip, high frequency closer to base)
- works better for high frequency
77
temporal frequency theory
hair cells fire at top of each sound wave, if hair cells fire faster it's a higher frequency wave, if they fire slower, its slower frequency
- works better for low frequency
78
localization
differences in time and loudness (if sound wave hits one ear first, it comes from that side of the body, if it is louder, it is closer to that side of the body
79
location
- gestalt grouping for sound
- sounds that seem to be coming from same place are grouped together
80
temporal
- gestalt grouping for sound
- sounds originating at the same time are more likely to be grouped together
81
music
- gestalt grouping for sound
- sounds that seem to be connected through musical strain are grouped together
82
sensorineural hearing loss
issue with cochlea, most commonly damage/death of hair cells (loud sounds cause damage to hair cells)
83
conduction hearing loss
issue with tympanic membrane or ossicles, can't get sound waves further into the ear
84
perfect pitch
more able to process and perceive differences between musical notes accurately, left hemisphere temporal lobe seems to be larger and more neuronally dense
85
plastic (touch)
if there is damage to some part of the body, there may be changes in somatosensory cortex over time (other parts of the body take over that area)
86
phantom limb pain
happens when you lose part of the body but still feel pain there (brain is having a hard time processing that lack of info)
87
A-Delta Fibers
registers sharp, fast pain, thick myelination (info travels faster), the pain that happens immediately after
88
C fiber
dull, throbbing pain, lasts for longer period of time
89
referred pain
where two parts of the body go to similar part of spinal cord- brain is confused where sensation is coming from (ex. pain in left arm before a heart attack)
90
haptic perception
explore environment through touching and grasping (common in children because their visual info isn't very developed)
91
kinesthesia
sense of how the body is moving
92
smell
- chemical sense
- doesn't go through thalamus, goes more directly to the frontal lobe
93
olfactory receptors
hair cells/rods and cones for smell
- in air there are molecules which go to matching olfactory receptors, humans have 350 olfactory receptor neurons and can differentiate between 1 trillion cells
94
papillae
taste buds (receptors for taste)
- receptor neurons that can be replaced the fastest
- by the time we're 20, we lose about half of tastebuds (kids are the pickiest eaters-> they're getting a lot of taste sensation)
95
5 primary taste sensations
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami
96
cravings
the body's way of telling us what nutrients we need
97
synesthesia
getting sensations/perceptions that are confused in terms of modality (associate words with colors)
