Psychology 111- Chapter 2

Question 1

experiment

Answer 1

experimenter has to be able to change/control the independent variable, has to randomly assign participants

Question 2

quasi-experiment

Answer 2

when one of the independent variables cannot be manipulated or when participants cannot be randomly assigned

Question 3

cross-sectional

Answer 3

think there is going to be a change in development, test at certain ages (only at those ages not in between) at one specific time

Question 4

naturalistic

Answer 4

observation- unobtrusively observing participants (don’t know that they are being observed)

Question 5

survey

Answer 5

asking people to answer questions, data comes from their responses

Question 6

between-subjects

Answer 6

looking for changes between subjects (each participant exposed to 1 level of independent variable)

Question 7

withing-subjects

Answer 7

looking for changes within a participant (1 subject)- expose participant to every level of independent variable

Question 8

reliability

Answer 8

the same response, number, etc. across repeated testing

Question 9

validity (internal vs. external)

Answer 9

are you measuring the concept you think you’re measuring
- internal: the amount of control the experimenter has on their study(the confidence they have that the independent variable caused change in dependent variable)
- external: how similar your phenomena look to the real world

Question 10

Sample vs. Population

Answer 10

• sample: participants that are participating in your research
• population: larger group the sample is coming from (only people you can apply findings to are where the sample comes from (population)

Question 11

WEIRD

Answer 11

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic populations where most populations are from

Question 12

self-selection

Answer 12

because participants are choosing to participate in the study, they are different than the people who decided not to participate

Question 13

bias

Answer 13

a lot of psychology studies are done on college students (college students are different than a lot of other in a population)

Question 14

Descriptive stats

Answer 14

describe what our data look like (mean, median, mode

Question 15

inferential stats

Answer 15

tells us there is a significant difference in our data (t-test, f-test, p-value)

Question 16

correlation strength

Answer 16

further from zero, stronger the correlation (from -1 to +1)

Question 17

correlation direction

Answer 17

if two variables move together-> positive correlation, if they move opposite each other-> negative correlation

Question 18

Informed consent

Answer 18

participants have to know what risks they’re agreeing to

Question 19

respect for persons

Answer 19

cannot coerce people into taking part in study (physical, emotions, or financial– cannot offer so much benefit that someone cannot say no, have to consider population)

Question 20

beneficence

Answer 20

have to inform participants of costs and benefits of the research

Question 21

confidentiality

Answer 21

make sure there is no way to tie the participant data to participant identity

Question 22

fairness

Answer 22

all benefits have to be distributed across all participants

Question 23

debriefing

Answer 23

finished the study, have to remind the participant what they did during the study
- theoretical justification- requiring you to lie to participants, cannot add any risks-> in debriefing if you used deception, you tell them why

Question 24

Tuskegee (Jones, 1993)

Answer 24

wanted to understand syphilis, went to poor black community and unknowingly injected black men with syphilis, followed them from 1932-1972 and never told them they were exposed

Question 25

animal research

Answer 25

animals are used to understand humans, regulations are stricter because they cannot give their consent

Question 26

Misconduct, plagiarism, falsification, fabrication

Answer 26

intentional ethical violations
-plagiarism= taking someone ideas/words without giving them proper credit
-falsification= changing data to back up your theory/hypothesis
-fabrication= making up all data

Question 27

experimenter expectancy

Answer 27

where the experimenter’s behavior accidentally influences the participants

Question 28

demand characteristics

Answer 28

subtle, often unconscious behavior that communicates to the participants

Question 29

blindness

Answer 29

• single-blind study: participant doesn’t know what experimental group they’re in
• double-blind study: neither the experimenter nor participant know which group they are in

Question 30

Hawthorne effect

Answer 30

people act differently when they know they’re being watched

Question 31

social desirability bias, bogus pipeline

Answer 31

we might answer differently than we actually feel (participants answer what they think we want to hear instead of their real feelings)
- bogus pipeline: a researcher tells participant they can tell if they’re lying

Question 32

confound/third variable problem

Answer 32

there is a variable not being examined that is causing the results in the study

Question 33

best practices

Answer 33

• experiment (manipulated variable, random assignment)
• double-blind
• replicate (direct, conceptual)