Psychology 111- Chapter 2 Flashcards
experiment
experimenter has to be able to change/control the independent variable, has to randomly assign participants
quasi-experiment
when one of the independent variables cannot be manipulated or when participants cannot be randomly assigned
cross-sectional
think there is going to be a change in development, test at certain ages (only at those ages not in between) at one specific time
naturalistic
observation- unobtrusively observing participants (don’t know that they are being observed)
survey
asking people to answer questions, data comes from their responses
between-subjects
looking for changes between subjects (each participant exposed to 1 level of independent variable)
withing-subjects
looking for changes within a participant (1 subject)- expose participant to every level of independent variable
reliability
the same response, number, etc. across repeated testing
validity (internal vs. external)
are you measuring the concept you think you’re measuring
- internal: the amount of control the experimenter has on their study(the confidence they have that the independent variable caused change in dependent variable)
- external: how similar your phenomena look to the real world
Sample vs. Population
- sample: participants that are participating in your research
- population: larger group the sample is coming from (only people you can apply findings to are where the sample comes from (population)
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic populations where most populations are from
self-selection
because participants are choosing to participate in the study, they are different than the people who decided not to participate
bias
a lot of psychology studies are done on college students (college students are different than a lot of other in a population)
Descriptive stats
describe what our data look like (mean, median, mode
inferential stats
tells us there is a significant difference in our data (t-test, f-test, p-value)
correlation strength
further from zero, stronger the correlation (from -1 to +1)
correlation direction
if two variables move together-> positive correlation, if they move opposite each other-> negative correlation
Informed consent
participants have to know what risks they’re agreeing to
respect for persons
cannot coerce people into taking part in study (physical, emotions, or financial– cannot offer so much benefit that someone cannot say no, have to consider population)
beneficence
have to inform participants of costs and benefits of the research
confidentiality
make sure there is no way to tie the participant data to participant identity
fairness
all benefits have to be distributed across all participants
debriefing
finished the study, have to remind the participant what they did during the study
- theoretical justification- requiring you to lie to participants, cannot add any risks-> in debriefing if you used deception, you tell them why
Tuskegee (Jones, 1993)
wanted to understand syphilis, went to poor black community and unknowingly injected black men with syphilis, followed them from 1932-1972 and never told them they were exposed
