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Alexis Small > Psychology 111- Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Psychology 111- Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A
  • cells in nervous system that communicate with each other
  • basis for human behavior and knowledge
  • help direct actions our body does and processing information
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2
Q

Dendrites

A

“fingers” reaching out trying to get info

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3
Q

Cell Body/Soma

A

the info dendrites collect is moved here, determines how to move forward with that information (sometimes the info stops here)

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4
Q

Axon and Myelin Sheath

A

Sends info down this, long part, sends info from front to back
- myelin sheath= covers axon, speeds up info transmission

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5
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

where info is released so other neurons can pick up, very end of neuron

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6
Q

Synapse

A

where info is released to, very small space between the neurons, dendrites pick up from here

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7
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • support neurons, help them do their job
  • help create skeletal system for neurons
  • provide nourishment, helps make myelin, repairs damage, removes waste, helps create blood-brain barrier
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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

connect and transmit sense info, transmits that info to the brain

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9
Q

Afferent

A

carries messages inward (to the brain)

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10
Q

motor neurons

A

help with muscle movement, send info from brain outward (to muscles)

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11
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

have motor and sensory neurons
- when we perceive movement/emotion in other people, we put that emotion onto ourselves (empathy)

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

connecting neurons (one neuron to another neurons)
- most neurons

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13
Q

Glial neurons

A

help with all other types of neurons

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14
Q

Electrical v. chemical transmission

A

1) info along a neuron
2) info between neurons

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15
Q

action potential

A

occurs along axon, happens when info is being transmitted down an axon (-70 mV to +40 mV), can jump over where the myelin is located, K and Na Ions involved

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16
Q

Refractory Period *Absolute vs. Relative)

A

when neuron is not likely to fire or will not fire
Absolute: neuron will not fire, no matter what (beg of refrac.)
Relative: unlikely to fire but can if there is a strong stimulus

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemicals that terminal button release into the synapse

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18
Q

Agonist vs. antagonist

A

1) makes neurotransmitters more effective
2) makes them less effective

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19
Q

Dopamine

A

pleasurable neurotransmitter, often release with award, helps control voluntary movement
- Parkinson’s disease: too little dopamine
- schizophrenia- too much

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20
Q

serotonin

A

associated with depression, controls negative emotionality, helps with sleep. ability to focus
- contributor to anxiety, ADHD, anorexia

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21
Q

Epinephrine

A

adrenaline, energized mental state

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22
Q

Norepinephrine

A

mental and physical arousal (alertness/focus), more focused than epinephrine
- cocaine and amphetamine are agonists
- PTSD= spike in norepinephrine
- depression= not enough

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23
Q

endorphins

A

body’s pain killers, responds similarly to morphine
- boosts mood, dulls pain

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24
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, responsible for telling cell body of next neuron to stop sending info along
- dysfunction associated with epilepsy
- drugs classifies as depressants are often GABA agonists
- Valium (and other anti-anxiety drugs)-> GABA antagonist

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25
Q

Glutamate

A

primary excitatory neurotransmitter, tells cell body to fire again

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26
Q

acetylcholine

A

first neurotransmitter to be discovered, helps with voluntary muscle movements, memory and learning
- dysfunction is associated with Alzheimer’s and other memory disorders

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27
Q

Law of Forward Condition

A

info goes from dendrites to terminal button and never in opposite direction

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28
Q

all or none principle

A

info always travels all along axon, doesn’t stop in the middle

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29
Q

excitatory vs inhibitory

A

if excitatory neurotransmitters win, neuron fires, if inhibitory wins, it doesn’t

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30
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

enzyme takes up some of neurotransmitters left in synapse and breaks tham down

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31
Q

reuptake

A

neuron that released neurotransmitters into synapse is going to take back some that they released

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32
Q

synaptic pruning

A

brain gets rid of synapses that are no longer useful
(As we’re learning something new, more synapses are created, but as the brain gets more efficient at processing that info, those synapses aren’t useful anymore- makes things more efficient)

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33
Q

The brain

A

center of the nervous system
- new builds on old (oldest part of brain is at bottom, newest at the top)

34
Q

intelligence correlation

A

more surface area = more intelligence (more folds)

35
Q

contralateral control

A

left side of brain deals with info and signals from right side of body and vice versa

36
Q

association areas

A

areas of brain seem to be important for specific tasks

37
Q

hindbrain

A
  • brainstem
  • oldest part evolutionarily, first to develop in utero
  • conducts info from other parts of the brain
  • controls many vital brain functions (respiration, circulation…)
38
Q

midbrain

A

on top of hindbrain, small part of brain, middle in evolution and age
- helps with orientation
- big source of dopamine

39
Q

forebrain

A

wrinkly part and some parts on top of the midbrain
- some of most complex cognition

40
Q

medulla

A

part of hindbrain, heart rate, respiration, and reflexes (often if damages lead to death)
- reticular formation: sleep, mood, arousal-> big source of serotonin and norepinephrine

41
Q

pons

A

part of hindbrain: sleep, arousal, and facial expressions (exhibiting and interpreting)
- damage effects elements of sensation (ability to sense)
- works as relay station for cerebellum

42
Q

cerebellum

A
  • part of hindbrain: “Little brain”, most dense area of brain with regard to neurons
  • critical for balance and fine motor movements
  • damage affects motor control
  • alcohol affects this dramatically
43
Q

tectum

A

part of midbrain
- processes sense info about surroundings, moves body in response to that info, a lot of visual and auditory info processes here

44
Q

tegmentum

A
  • part of midbrain
  • movement and arousal, directs you where to look in your environment
45
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • forebrain
  • wrinkly part you see
46
Q

corpus collosum

A
  • forebrain
  • band of neurons and fibers connecting left and right hemispheres, allows for two hemispheres to communicate
47
Q

lobes

A
  • forebrain
  • each hemisphere has 4 lobes
48
Q

subcortical structures

A
  • forebrain
  • parts of brain underneath cerebral cortex, can’t see them just looking at the brain (have to cut it open)
49
Q

frontal lobe

A

at front, does most of reasoning, judgement, creativity (higher order processing)

50
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • front of frontal lobe
  • large in humans compared to to animals and primates
  • regulates and coordinates other parts of the brain
51
Q

motor cortex

A
  • band at very back of frontal lobe
  • controls movement, most of motor cortex devoted to mouth and hands
52
Q

homunculus

A

artist rendering of what humanity would look like if we were proportioned like the motor cortex

53
Q

parietal lobe

A

just behind frontal lobe
- important for visual integration, processes some env, visual info that midbrain started to process
- helps with orientation
- things that midbrain is important for, parietal lobe continues to process

54
Q

somatosensory cortex

A
  • front of parietal lobe
  • devoted primarily to processing touch information, right against motor cortex (laid out similarly to it- homunculus)
55
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • very back of brain, smallest lobe
  • processes visual info
  • visual info builds- starts out simple (shapes, colors) and gradually gets more complex and detailed as the brain continues to process
56
Q

temporal lobe and lateralization

A
  • hearing and language
  • recognition of objects and people
  • lateralization- where left and right hemispheres differ (left- more speech processing, right- musical hearing/processing)
57
Q

Broca’s area and aphasia

A

responsible for speech production (overlaps with jaw and tongue are of motor cortex)
- left hemisphere of temporal lobe
- aphasia- issue with language processing when this area is damaged, can still understand other people and realize they are not making the words they are meaning to make
- news reporter video

58
Q

Wernicke’s area and aphasia

A
  • left hemisphere of temporal lobe
  • deals with speech comprehension
  • aphasia- can make words but there isn’t really meaning behind the words that they are saying
59
Q

thalamus

A
  • subcortical structure
  • relay station for sense info, smell info does not go through this area
60
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • subcortical structure
  • important for release of hormones and directing other areas of body to release hormones
61
Q

limbic system

A
  • subcortical structure
  • critical for emotions and has a lot to do with memory
62
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • part of limbic system
  • controls 4 F’s= feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornicating/fucking
63
Q

amygdala

A
  • part of limbic system
  • tiny almond-shaped part, deals with neg, emotionality (fear, anger, disgust… etc.)
64
Q

hippocampus

A
  • part of limbic system
  • critical for creating long term memory, very affected by alcohol (black out/brown outs are when hippocampus is not working)
65
Q

cingulate gyrus

A
  • part of limbic system
  • important for focusing on info for cognitive processing
66
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • part of limbic system
  • important for motor control (voluntary movement)
  • connected with Parkinson’s when can’t control motor functions
  • source of dopamine
67
Q

EEG

A
  • measures activity
  • map of electrodes on head, electrodes look for electrical activity (brain activity)-> very surface level, not very precise
68
Q

ERP

A
  • measures brain activity
  • timing of electrical activity (the when)
69
Q

fMRI

A
  • brain activity
  • where blood is going in the brain, measuring amount of metal in the blood, where more blood goes, there is more activity
70
Q

PET

A
  • brain activity
  • measures glucose, brain uses glucose for energy so where glucose goes, that is where energy is being used
71
Q

TMS

A
  • brain activity
  • putting magnets along skull and sending electrical pulses (external stimulation)
72
Q

MRI

A
  • structure
  • looking at structure of brain, static picture of the brain
73
Q

DTI

A
  • structure
  • looks for myelination of the neurons
74
Q

NIRS

A
  • structure
  • light pulses to create images of the brain
75
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

76
Q

spinal cord

A

serves as conduit to send and receive messages for brain

77
Q

gate control theory

A
  • spinal cord blocks a lot of pain so we don’t immediately react until it is safe for the brain to react
78
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

acts as protection for CNS, cushions it, helps bring nourishment and energy to CNS

79
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral nervous system
- automatic nervous system
- controls a lot of stuff we don’t consciously control

80
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • part of autonomic
  • “fight or flight” nervous system, kicks in when you feel you’re in danger-> takes in more air, sends more blood to muscles
81
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system
  • “rest or digest”
  • brings body out of fight/flight response, calms body, brings to restful state where body can work on repairs
82
Q

enteric nervous system

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system
  • nerve cells in gastrointestinal system
  • huge amount of these cells
  • determines when you’re hungry vs. full
  • one of largest sources of serotonin

Alexis Small (19 decks)

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