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Alexis Small > Chem Final Definitions > Flashcards

Chem Final Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

scientific method

A

approach to acquire knowledge through observation of phenomena

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2
Q

experiment

A

an observation of natural phenomena tested in a controlled and repeatable process and a rational conclusion can be made

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations

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4
Q

theory

A

a tested explanation of basic natural phenomena

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5
Q

law

A

a statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations, and describes or predicts some aspect of the natural world

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6
Q

precision

A

agreement among repeated measurements

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7
Q

accuracy

A

agreement between a measured value and the accepted or true value

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8
Q

chemistry

A

study of the composition and structure matter and of the changes that matter undergoes

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9
Q

matter

A

whatever occupies space and can be perceived by our senses

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10
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

no mass is lost from the start of a process to the end

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11
Q

extensive property

A

depends on the amount of substance

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12
Q

intensive property

A

does not depend on the amount of substance

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13
Q

physical property

A

can be observed without doing a chemical reaction

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14
Q

chemical property

A

cannot be observed without doing a chemical reaction

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15
Q

pure substance

A

same physical and chemical properties throughout; cannot be separated into simpler substances by a physical process

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16
Q

mixture

A

combination of two or more pure substances; can be separated by physical processes

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17
Q

elements

A

a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substance by any chemical process

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18
Q

compounds

A

pure substance composed of two or more different elements bonded together in fixed proportions–> can be broken down into individual elements via chemical means

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19
Q

Law of Constant Composition

A

all samples of a particular compound contain the same elements combined in the same proportions

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20
Q

homogenous

A

components are distributed uniformly through the sample and have no visible boundaries or regions

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21
Q

heterogeneous

A

components are not distributed uniformly, and there may be distinct regions with different compositions

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22
Q

separating mixtures

A

distillation, filtration, chromatography

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23
Q

nucleus

A

positively charged at the center of the atom, contains the vast majority of the atom’s mass

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24
Q

nucleons

A

particles in the nucleus

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25
Q

protons

A

positively charged subatomic particles

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26
Q

neutrons

A

electrically neutral subatomic particles

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27
Q

atomic mass

A

total number of nucleons in nucleus

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28
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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29
Q

isotope

A

atoms of the same element that contains a different number of neutrons (diff mass)

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30
Q

average atomic mass

A

weighted average of the masses of ALL isotopes of an element (multiply natural abundance of each isotope by the mass)

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31
Q

ions

A

neutral atoms that gain/lose electrons

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32
Q

cations

A

ions with positive charges

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33
Q

anions

A

ions with negative charges

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34
Q

ionic compounds

A

made of a metal and a nonmetal (metals form cations, nonmetals from anions)

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35
Q

molecular compounds

A

composed of atoms held together in molecules by covalent bonds and are composed of nonmetals

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36
Q

covalent bonds

A

bond between two atoms created by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

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37
Q

empirical formula

A

shows the smallest whole number ration of elements in a compound

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38
Q

polyatomic ions

A

charged group of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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39
Q

oxyanion

A

polyatomic anions containing oxygen in combination with one or more other elements

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40
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

the sum of the masses of the reactants in a chemical equation is qual to the sum of the masses of the products

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41
Q

percent composition

A

the mass percentage of each element in the compound

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42
Q

hydrocarbon

A

molecular compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon

43
Q

limiting reactant

A

substance that is completely consumed in the chemical reaction; determines the amount of product that can be formed during the reaction

44
Q

theoretical yield

A

the calculated amount of product formed based on the amount of limiting reactant

45
Q

actual yield

A

the measured amount of product fomred

46
Q

chemical equation

A

describe ratios of reactants and products during a chemical reaction

47
Q

coefficients

A

indicated ratio of reactants and products on molecular or molar level

48
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances

49
Q

solvent

A

component of solution that is greatest in amount

50
Q

solute

A

any component in a solution other than the solvent

51
Q

aqueous solution

A

water is the solvent

52
Q

concentrated solution

A

large amount of solute compared to solvent

53
Q

dilute solution

A

small amount of solute compared to solvent

54
Q

saturated solution

A

a solution that contains the max concentration of a solute possible at a given temperature

55
Q

unsaturated solution

A

a solution that contains less than the maximum concentration of a solute possible at given temp (can dissolve more of solute into solution)

56
Q

supersaturated solution

A

solution containing more than the maximum quantity of solute predicted to be soluble in a given volume of a solution at a given temperature

57
Q

stock solution

A

a concentrated solution of a substance used to prepare solutions of lower concentration

58
Q

dilution

A

the process of lowering the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent

59
Q

electrolyte

A

dissolves in water to give an electrically conducting solution

60
Q

acid

A

proton donor

61
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

62
Q

neutralization

A

reaction that takes place when an acid reacts with a base and produces a solution of salt in water

63
Q

salt

A

cation of the base and anion of the acid

64
Q

strong acids/bases

A

dissociate completely in aqueous solution (weak= dissociate partially)

65
Q

titration

A

an analytical method to determine the concentration of a solute in a sample by reacting it with a standard solution

66
Q

standard solution

A

a solution of known concentration

67
Q

ionic equation

A

ionic species are represented as dissolved ions

68
Q

net ionic equation

A

remove spectator ions

69
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

70
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

71
Q

diffusion

A

the process whereby a gas spreads out through another gas to occupy the space uniformly

72
Q

effusion

A

the process by which a gas flows through a small hole in a container (ex: pinprick of a balloon)

73
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy and its transformations

74
Q

thermochemistry

A

study of the relation between chemical reactions and changes in energy

75
Q

thermochemical equilibrium

A

a condition in which temperature is uniform throughout a material and no energy flows from one point to another

76
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

77
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed; can be converted from one form to another

78
Q

system

A

the part of the universe that is the focus of a thermochemical study

79
Q

surroundings

A

everything in the universe that is not part of the system

80
Q

open system

A

can exchange matter and energy with surroundings

81
Q

closed system

A

can exchange energy but not matter with surroundings

82
Q

isolated system

A

does not exchange matter or energy with surroundings

83
Q

heat

A

the energy transferred between objects because of a difference in their temperatures

84
Q

extensive property

A

a property that depends on the amount of substance

85
Q

molar heat capacity

A

the heat required to raise the temp of 1 mole of a substance by 1 degree C at constant pressure

86
Q

specific heat capacity

A

the heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C at constant pressure

87
Q

calorimetry

A

measurement of heat

88
Q

heat of reaction

A

the heat absorbed or released by a chemical reaction

89
Q

wave

A

a contiuously repeating change or oscillation in matter

90
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

the range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

91
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between identical points on successive waves

92
Q

amplitude

A

the vertical distance from the midline of a wave to the peak or trough

93
Q

frequency

A

the number of waves that pass through a particular point in 1 second

94
Q

refraction

A

bending of light waves when passing between media of different densities

95
Q

diffraction

A

bending of light waves as they pass around the edge of an object or through narrow openings

96
Q

interference

A

interaction of waves in which amplitudes either reinforce (constructive) or cancel (destructive)

97
Q

quantized states

A

discrete energy levels

98
Q

continuum states

A

smooth transition between levels

99
Q

emission line spectra

A

consist of bright lines at discrete wavelengths on a dark background

100
Q

absorption line spectra

A

consist of characteristic series of dark lines in continuous spectra

101
Q

degenerate

A

orbitals that have the exact same energy level

102
Q

isoelectronic

A

atoms/ions that have identical electron configurations

103
Q

paramagnetic

A

weakly attracted to magnetic field, usually the result of unpaired electrons

104
Q

diamagnetic

A

not attracted by a magnetic field generally because it has only paired electrons

Alexis Small (19 decks)

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