Psychology 111- Chapter 8

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

associate different components together to learn the info

Question 2

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 2

• classical conditioning
  = no natural response (ex. ringing bell)

Question 3

Unconditioned stimuli

Answer 3

• classical conditioning
  = natural response (reflexive)-> start to pair them together

Question 4

Conditioned Stimuli

Answer 4

• classical conditioning
  = a previously neutral stimulus that got paired with US

Question 5

Unconditioned Response

Answer 5

• classical conditioning
  = natural reflexive response the US elicits

Question 6

conditioned response

Answer 6

-classical conditioning
= learned response, response elicited by CS

Question 7

acquisition

Answer 7

time period that learning is happening (when NS and US are paired)

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

when organism stops responding to CS

Question 9

spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

after extinction, when organism suddenly starts responding to CS again without new pairing

Question 10

generalization

Answer 10

when organism is confusing NS with CS (show CR to new stimulus)

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

when organism can tell difference between NS and CS (can tell difference between stimulus)

Question 12

Little Albert

Answer 12

• conditioned to fear white rats
• US= loud noise, CS= white rat, UR= crying at loud noise, CR= fear of white rat
• him showing fear of things similar to white rat= generalization

Question 13

taste aversion

Answer 13

happens after you’ve been sick after eating a food and after, the food makes you nauseous/feel sick
- CS= food that made you sick, CR= nausea, US= sickness
- only need one pairing to pick this up

Question 14

higher order conditioning

Answer 14

using CS as a US for a NS

Question 15

latent inhibition

Answer 15

when individual takes longer to learn an association because they are familiar with stimulus in different context

Question 16

renewal effect

Answer 16

when unlearned behaviors how up again in new environment

Question 17

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 17

an organism repeats behavior that leads to positive consequences

Question 18

reinforcement

Answer 18

leads to increase in behavior because of positive consequences

Question 19

punishment

Answer 19

decreasing presence of behavior

Question 20

positive

Answer 20

adding something to the situation

Question 21

negative

Answer 21

taking something away from the situation

Question 22

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 22

how often/when a reward/punishment is given

Question 23

ratio

Answer 23

• more reliable outcomes (can learn faster)
• giving organism reward/punishment based on number of responses

Question 24

interval

Answer 24

how much time has to pass between reward/punishment

Question 25

fixed amount

Answer 25

number of responses is not changing

Question 26

variable amount

Answer 26

amount of responses/time passed changes

Question 27

Premack principle

Answer 27

a more pleasurable behavior can be used to reinforce a less pleasurable behavior

Question 28

partial reinforcement

Answer 28

reward behavior in some contexts but not others

Question 29

primary reinforcer

Answer 29

fulfill a biologic need

Question 30

secondary reinforcer

Answer 30

something that you have to learn is good/learn that you want

Question 31

shaping

Answer 31

reward behavior as it gets closer to your goal behavior

Question 32

token economics

Answer 32

common with young children-> offering tokens for good behavior that they can turn in for a larger reward

Question 33

acquisition

Answer 33

time period that the organism is learning that if they do a behavior they get reward/consequence

Question 34

extinction (OC)

Answer 34

no longer getting reinforcement/punishment so they revert to original behavior

Question 35

spontaneous recovery (OC)

Answer 35

learning reemerges through no additional aquisition

Question 36

generalization (OC)

Answer 36

same behaviors to stimuli

Question 37

discrimination

Answer 37

can distinguish between stimuli

Question 38

Behavior bas (CC vs OC)

Answer 38

CC: behavior is automatic and reflexive initially OC: behavior is more conscious and deliberate

Question 39

Consequence (CC vs. OC)

Answer 39

CC: any consequence is built into automatic reflexive behavior OC: behavior is more conscious and deliberate

Question 40

Culture (CC vs OC)

Answer 40

CC: doesn't affect OC: matters a lot

Question 41

deconditioning

Answer 41

when you unlearn a learned behavior

Question 42

evaluative conditioning

Answer 42

rather than changing behavior, you change their attitude to make stimuli more positive (pair something they like with something they don't like)

Question 43

generalization gradient

Answer 43

more similar stimuli are, the more likely you are to see generalization

Question 44

SOR

Answer 44

- stimulus organism response - the organism's perception of the stimulus is going to drive their response

Question 45

Non associative learning

Answer 45

learning that happens without association (ex. habituation and sensitization)

Question 46

observational learning

Answer 46

learning that happens through observation (es. modelling and imitation)

Question 47

habituation

Answer 47

- Non associative learning - learn to stop responding

Question 48

sensitization

Answer 48

- non associative learning - learn to have increased responding

Question 49

modelling

Answer 49

- observational learning - where organism specifically exhibits a behavior for another to llearn

Question 50

imitation

Answer 50

- observational learning - no intent from teacher, learner observes and copies natural behaviors of teacher

Question 51

restriction of behavior

Answer 51

- observational learning - use observational learning to not engage in a behavior

Question 52

diffusion chains

Answer 52

- observational learning - learning that happens across generations - expert teaches a novice who becomes an expert that teaches a novice... etc.

Question 53

implicit learning

Answer 53

- observational learning - learning without intent from teacher or learner, subconscious - language and culture

Question 54

attention

Answer 54

- requirement of learning - have to be paying attention to the behavior to learn the behavior

Question 55

retention

Answer 55

- requirement of learning - remember that info

Question 56

reproduction

Answer 56

- requirement of learning - show the behavior that you have learned

Question 57

motivation

Answer 57

- requirement of learning - without the teacher, you have to have the motivation to reproduce the behaviors