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Alexis Small > Psychology 111- Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Psychology 111- Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

a lot of how we interact socially is how we compare ourselves to others (usually similar others)

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2
Q

upward comparison

A

comparing ourselves to someone doing better than us-> negative emotionality

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3
Q

downward comparison

A

comparing ourselves to someone doing worse than us-> positive emotionality

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4
Q

enlightenment effect

A

where we change our behavior after learning about a physiological concept

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5
Q

halo effect

A

when someone has one good quality, we assume they have many other good qualities

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6
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

because we think we will act a certain way, that is how we act
- usually in more negative ways (ex: if we think we can’t complete something, we create barriers for that)

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7
Q

affective component

A

how does it make you feel

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8
Q

behavioral component

A

not necessarily actual behavior, but how you want to respond (how you want to respond vs. how you actually respond)

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9
Q

cognitive component

A

what you think about it

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10
Q

strength

A

how strong is your attitude toward the item (weak attitudes are more flexible/changeable)

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11
Q

accessibility

A

how accessible/available the attitude is

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12
Q

ambivalence

A

two different attitudes toward an item (negative and positive)

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13
Q

source

A

the person trying to convince you/get you to change

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14
Q

receiver

A

person being persuaded/looking to see attitude change in

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15
Q

message

A

what is being said/done to create the attitude change

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16
Q

channel

A

delivery component of message/how the message is getting to the receiver

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17
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

have 2 opinions in your head or have opinion and behavior that are at odds (makes us uncomfortable so we change something)

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18
Q

self-perception theory

A

we don’t actually have a good grasp on what our attitudes are and build them by looking at our behaviors

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19
Q

impression management theory

A

our behaviors, attitudes, and presentation are strategic, so others think of you in the way you want them to think of you

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20
Q

central route

A
  • part of elaboration likelihood model
    = meaning behind your message, harder but creates more lasting change
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21
Q

peripheral route

A
  • part of elaboration likelihood model
    = trying to cause attitude change by distracting you from the meaning of the message
  • easier, but more temporary change
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22
Q

Foot in the Door

A

starting small and getting bigger and bigger (starts with small request then builds on it until they get to the attitude they want to change)

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23
Q

Door in the face

A
  • starts big and goes smaller to the attitude they want to change
  • expect a no from first question, follow up with more reasonable question we are more likely to say yes to
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24
Q

attribution

A

how we explain an event or behavior

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25
Q

stable explanation

A

explanation is not likely to change

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26
Q

unstable explanation

A

explanation is likely to change/the circumstances leading to an event are likely to change

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27
Q

internal attribution

A

an aspect of the person is causing the behavior/event

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28
Q

external attribution

A

because of situation

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29
Q

individualism vs. collectivism

A

in more individualist cultures, more likely to make internal attributions; in collectivist more likely to make external attributions

30
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

generally, make internal attributions for others and external for ourselves

31
Q

defense attribution error (self-serving bias)

A

we make internal attributions for our successes and external for our failures

32
Q

stereotypes

A
  • people schemas
  • neither good/bad, shortcut for the brain to process info faster
  • stereotypes for groups you are a part of tend to be more positive, and other groups tend to be more negative
33
Q

subtyping

A

creating smaller, more specific stereotypes so you don’t have to abandon the larger stereotype

34
Q

perceptual confirmation

A

process ambiguous info so it fits with your stereotype (you want to see what you are expecting to see)

35
Q

illusory correlation

A

you believe you have encountered more situations that support your stereotype than you actually have

36
Q

adaptive conservatism

A

it is better to be safe than sorry (better to distrust the outgroup until you know more about the situation), want to protect ourselves and your ingroup

37
Q

outgroup homogeneity

A

you think out group is more similar than they actually are

38
Q

contact hypothesis

A

the more you interact with outgroup members, the less likely you are to prejudice/discriminate against them

39
Q

superordinate goals

A

a way to reduce prejudice/discrimination, working together to take down common enemy, shared goals among different outgroups

40
Q

common knowledge effect

A

when info shared by everyone is group is more powerful than info that an individual brings in decision making

41
Q

social loafing

A

the presence of others makes an individual withdraw some of their effort

42
Q

group polarization

A

individuals in a group shift toward extreme opinions

43
Q

groupthink

A

when individuals sacrifice their own thinking/opinion to fit with the group

44
Q

deindividuation

A

when social norms of the group outweigh a person’s individuality

45
Q

conformity

A

yielding to social/group pressure (don’t want to stand out)

46
Q

compliance

A

yielding to specific requests/demands

47
Q

obedience

A

pressure comes from a perceived authority figure (form of compliance)

48
Q

informational influence

A

conforming to others behavior because you see them as a source of info

49
Q

normative influence

A

going along with a behavior because you want to be accepted by a group

50
Q

unanimity

A

the extent to which other group members agree with each other, more unanimity leads to more conformity

51
Q

co-conspirator

A

people who don’t give into the conformity (you are more likely not to conform if someone else shared your opinions)

52
Q

group size

A

more people in a group=more conformity

53
Q

anonymity

A

being anonymous= less likely to conform

54
Q

closeness

A

the closer to you the authority figure is, the more likely you are to be obedient

55
Q

legitimate authority

A

how legit a person views the authority figure is

56
Q

prestige

A

if authority figure/institution is perceived as prestigious, the more likely to obey what they are saying

57
Q

depersonalized victim

A

person has weaker sense of self, so they are more likely to be obedient

58
Q

defiant models

A

someone in the group that does not obey the authority (if someone else does this, then other people are more likely to break from that obedience as well)

59
Q

Sternberg’s triangle theory of love

A

-intimacy= feelings of a bond
-passion= physical attraction
-commitment= conscious decision to be in a relationship with someone

60
Q

matching hypothesis

A

we are more likely to be attracted to people who have similar level of social desirability

61
Q

facial symmetry

A

we consider people to be more attractive if they have this

62
Q

attitude alignment

A

when we are in a relationship, and you change your attitudes to align yourself with that person (smaller, less significant attitudes)

63
Q

proximity

A

more likely to be in a relationship with someone who is physically close to you (distance)

64
Q

relational aggression

A

intentionally harming someone’s reputation, relationships, or social status (more likely among women)

65
Q

hostile aggression

A

driven by anger in response to threat/insult with goal to inflict pain due to that

66
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggression without goal of inflicting pain but pain is often inflicted (es: hockey)

67
Q

altruism

A

unselfish behavior to benefit others without benefits to yourself

68
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

we are altruistic to others in the hope that good things/people will act altruistic back to us

69
Q

kin selection

A

variance of natural selection, favors behavior that increases chance of survival for kin

70
Q

empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

hypothesis of why we act altruistic toward others-> we have empathy toward them (we feel empathy for others in distress, so we act altruistically to make ourselves feel better)

71
Q

bystander effect

A

the more people that witness an emergency, the less likely someone is to say something about it

72
Q

social responsibility norm

A

we are likely to help other people

Alexis Small (19 decks)

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