Psychology 111- Chapter 14

Question 1

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 1

a lot of how we interact socially is how we compare ourselves to others (usually similar others)

Question 2

upward comparison

Answer 2

comparing ourselves to someone doing better than us-> negative emotionality

Question 3

downward comparison

Answer 3

comparing ourselves to someone doing worse than us-> positive emotionality

Question 4

enlightenment effect

Answer 4

where we change our behavior after learning about a physiological concept

Question 5

halo effect

Answer 5

when someone has one good quality, we assume they have many other good qualities

Question 6

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 6

because we think we will act a certain way, that is how we act
- usually in more negative ways (ex: if we think we can’t complete something, we create barriers for that)

Question 7

affective component

Answer 7

how does it make you feel

Question 8

behavioral component

Answer 8

not necessarily actual behavior, but how you want to respond (how you want to respond vs. how you actually respond)

Question 9

cognitive component

Answer 9

what you think about it

Question 10

strength

Answer 10

how strong is your attitude toward the item (weak attitudes are more flexible/changeable)

Question 11

accessibility

Answer 11

how accessible/available the attitude is

Question 12

ambivalence

Answer 12

two different attitudes toward an item (negative and positive)

Question 13

source

Answer 13

the person trying to convince you/get you to change

Question 14

receiver

Answer 14

person being persuaded/looking to see attitude change in

Question 15

message

Answer 15

what is being said/done to create the attitude change

Question 16

channel

Answer 16

delivery component of message/how the message is getting to the receiver

Question 17

cognitive dissonance

Answer 17

have 2 opinions in your head or have opinion and behavior that are at odds (makes us uncomfortable so we change something)

Question 18

self-perception theory

Answer 18

we don’t actually have a good grasp on what our attitudes are and build them by looking at our behaviors

Question 19

impression management theory

Answer 19

our behaviors, attitudes, and presentation are strategic, so others think of you in the way you want them to think of you

Question 20

central route

Answer 20

• part of elaboration likelihood model
  = meaning behind your message, harder but creates more lasting change

Question 21

peripheral route

Answer 21

• part of elaboration likelihood model
  = trying to cause attitude change by distracting you from the meaning of the message
• easier, but more temporary change

Question 22

Foot in the Door

Answer 22

starting small and getting bigger and bigger (starts with small request then builds on it until they get to the attitude they want to change)

Question 23

Door in the face

Answer 23

• starts big and goes smaller to the attitude they want to change
• expect a no from first question, follow up with more reasonable question we are more likely to say yes to

Question 24

attribution

Answer 24

how we explain an event or behavior

Question 25

stable explanation

Answer 25

explanation is not likely to change

Question 26

unstable explanation

Answer 26

explanation is likely to change/the circumstances leading to an event are likely to change

Question 27

internal attribution

Answer 27

an aspect of the person is causing the behavior/event

Question 28

external attribution

Answer 28

because of situation

Question 29

individualism vs. collectivism

Answer 29

in more individualist cultures, more likely to make internal attributions; in collectivist more likely to make external attributions

Question 30

fundamental attribution error

Answer 30

generally, make internal attributions for others and external for ourselves

Question 31

defense attribution error (self-serving bias)

Answer 31

we make internal attributions for our successes and external for our failures

Question 32

stereotypes

Answer 32

- people schemas - neither good/bad, shortcut for the brain to process info faster - stereotypes for groups you are a part of tend to be more positive, and other groups tend to be more negative

Question 33

subtyping

Answer 33

creating smaller, more specific stereotypes so you don't have to abandon the larger stereotype

Question 34

perceptual confirmation

Answer 34

process ambiguous info so it fits with your stereotype (you want to see what you are expecting to see)

Question 35

illusory correlation

Answer 35

you believe you have encountered more situations that support your stereotype than you actually have

Question 36

adaptive conservatism

Answer 36

it is better to be safe than sorry (better to distrust the outgroup until you know more about the situation), want to protect ourselves and your ingroup

Question 37

outgroup homogeneity

Answer 37

you think out group is more similar than they actually are

Question 38

contact hypothesis

Answer 38

the more you interact with outgroup members, the less likely you are to prejudice/discriminate against them

Question 39

superordinate goals

Answer 39

a way to reduce prejudice/discrimination, working together to take down common enemy, shared goals among different outgroups

Question 40

common knowledge effect

Answer 40

when info shared by everyone is group is more powerful than info that an individual brings in decision making

Question 41

social loafing

Answer 41

the presence of others makes an individual withdraw some of their effort

Question 42

group polarization

Answer 42

individuals in a group shift toward extreme opinions

Question 43

groupthink

Answer 43

when individuals sacrifice their own thinking/opinion to fit with the group

Question 44

deindividuation

Answer 44

when social norms of the group outweigh a person's individuality

Question 45

conformity

Answer 45

yielding to social/group pressure (don't want to stand out)

Question 46

compliance

Answer 46

yielding to specific requests/demands

Question 47

obedience

Answer 47

pressure comes from a perceived authority figure (form of compliance)

Question 48

informational influence

Answer 48

conforming to others behavior because you see them as a source of info

Question 49

normative influence

Answer 49

going along with a behavior because you want to be accepted by a group

Question 50

unanimity

Answer 50

the extent to which other group members agree with each other, more unanimity leads to more conformity

Question 51

co-conspirator

Answer 51

people who don't give into the conformity (you are more likely not to conform if someone else shared your opinions)

Question 52

group size

Answer 52

more people in a group=more conformity

Question 53

anonymity

Answer 53

being anonymous= less likely to conform

Question 54

closeness

Answer 54

the closer to you the authority figure is, the more likely you are to be obedient

Question 55

legitimate authority

Answer 55

how legit a person views the authority figure is

Question 56

prestige

Answer 56

if authority figure/institution is perceived as prestigious, the more likely to obey what they are saying

Question 57

depersonalized victim

Answer 57

person has weaker sense of self, so they are more likely to be obedient

Question 58

defiant models

Answer 58

someone in the group that does not obey the authority (if someone else does this, then other people are more likely to break from that obedience as well)

Question 59

Sternberg's triangle theory of love

Answer 59

-intimacy= feelings of a bond -passion= physical attraction -commitment= conscious decision to be in a relationship with someone

Question 60

matching hypothesis

Answer 60

we are more likely to be attracted to people who have similar level of social desirability

Question 61

facial symmetry

Answer 61

we consider people to be more attractive if they have this

Question 62

attitude alignment

Answer 62

when we are in a relationship, and you change your attitudes to align yourself with that person (smaller, less significant attitudes)

Question 63

proximity

Answer 63

more likely to be in a relationship with someone who is physically close to you (distance)

Question 64

relational aggression

Answer 64

intentionally harming someone's reputation, relationships, or social status (more likely among women)

Question 65

hostile aggression

Answer 65

driven by anger in response to threat/insult with goal to inflict pain due to that

Question 66

instrumental aggression

Answer 66

aggression without goal of inflicting pain but pain is often inflicted (es: hockey)

Question 67

altruism

Answer 67

unselfish behavior to benefit others without benefits to yourself

Question 68

reciprocal altruism

Answer 68

we are altruistic to others in the hope that good things/people will act altruistic back to us

Question 69

kin selection

Answer 69

variance of natural selection, favors behavior that increases chance of survival for kin

Question 70

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 70

hypothesis of why we act altruistic toward others-> we have empathy toward them (we feel empathy for others in distress, so we act altruistically to make ourselves feel better)

Question 71

bystander effect

Answer 71

the more people that witness an emergency, the less likely someone is to say something about it

Question 72

social responsibility norm

Answer 72

we are likely to help other people