Psychology 111- Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The study of human mind and behavior

Question 2

Clinical Psychology

Answer 2

treatment of mental illness

Question 3

Experimental psychology

Answer 3

using experiments to understand psychology

Question 4

William James

Answer 4

“Father of American Psychology”, wrote first psychology textbook, mentor of G Stanley Hall

Question 5

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 5

first American PhD in psychology, founded American Psychological Association (APA)

Question 6

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 6

first woman to get PhD in psychology

Question 7

Francis Cecil Sumner

Answer 7

first African American to get PhD in psychology, became chair of psychology at Howard University

Question 8

Biopsychological

Answer 8

biological components + long-lasting psychological components (both of which are more long term) + social component (influence of situation- short-term/situational)

Question 9

Clinical vs Counseling vs community psychologist

Answer 9

Clinical: treatment of mental illness
Counseling: not treating mental illness, the person they are treating is having a hard time at that moment
Community: focused on community aspects; how to build environment to help positive mental health

Question 10

Nativism (Plato) vs. Philosophical Empiricism (Aristotle)

Answer 10

Nativism: born with knowledge, nature
Empiricism: all knowledge is learned through experience, nurture

Question 11

Demons and Trephination

Answer 11

• exhibiting signs of mental illness = demons in you causing you to engage in these behaviors
• treated with trephination (drilling holes in head to let demons out) -> a lot of deaths

Question 12

Biologic Theory

Answer 12

• certain parts of the body (organs) house elements of psychology
• ex. spleen held intelligence
• if something was off, they would treat that body part

Question 13

Locke

Answer 13

• brought philosophical empiricism back-> believed everyone was born a “blank slate”

Question 14

Witchcraft

Answer 14

• thought if you were acting certain ways, someone had cast a spell on you (16th and 17th century)

Question 15

Phrenology

Answer 15

• idea that if you feel along the skull, there are bumps and divots that tell you about the personality of the person
• championed by Franz Joeseph Gall, coined nature vs. nurture

Question 16

metacognitive thinking

Answer 16

the ability to first think and then to reflect on one’s own thinking

Question 17

developmental psychology

Answer 17

the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across a lifespan

Question 18

personality psychology

Answer 18

the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people’s behaviors across time and situations

Question 19

social psychology

Answer 19

the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling and behavior

Question 20

health psychology

Answer 20

the study of the role psychological factors plays in regard to health and illness

Question 21

psychoanalysis

Answer 21

assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior and dreams have meaning and the most direct route to the unconscious mind

Question 22

Weber and Fechner

Answer 22

research psychophysics (psychology of sensation and perception)

Question 23

Gestalt

Answer 23

• German for shape/form
• optical allusions
• sum is greater than the sum of its parts (perception gives more info than the elements of perception individually)

Question 24

Structuralism,introspection,WilhelmWundt

Answer 24

• first school claiming to be school of psychology
• break out consciousness into its structure in order to understand
• introspection: ask people what’s going on in their mind (speak about their consciousness)
• Wilhelm Wundt- “father of psychology”, founder of structuralism
• 1879- opened first lab of psychology-> psychology as a science was founded

Question 25

Functionalism

Answer 25

- studying of function of our consciousness - Founded by William James (inspired by Darwin and evolution) - combined structuralism and evolution (used introspection but not as extensively)

Question 26

Freud

Answer 26

- many of his theories are no longer supported, but had a massive influence - moved away from consciousness and toward unconsciousness (believed it was driving out behaviors)-> unconsciousness was evil (death, destruction...etc.)

Question 27

Behavioralism

Answer 27

- wanted to look at observable behavior not unconsciousness - started using animals to understand humans - ignored what was happening in the mind - dominating school in early-mis 1900s

Question 28

humanism

Answer 28

- all humans have capacity for good (not necessarily inherently good) - around hippy movement, a lot of influence on modern therapy

Question 29

Cognitive

Answer 29

- focused on the mind - once computers came around, they wanted computers to think like humans, but we didn't understand how humans think-> led to cognitive psychology - Kurt Lewin: wanted to Bridge Behavioralism and Cognitive (best way to understand behavior is to understand a person's subjective experience)

Question 30

Social Psychology

Answer 30

- how we are affected by real or implied others - has an influence even when other people aren't around (if you are thinking about someone, that can change your behavior)-> more of an influence on the short term

Question 31

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 31

- interested in adaptive mind and how our ancestors' behaviors have an influence on our behaviors - ex. attraction-> does what you are attracted to today have an influence from ancestors' behaviors/preferences, fight or flight

Question 32

Cultural Psychology

Answer 32

- how culture can have an influence on our psychology - ignored for a long time - generational-> parents' generation is different than child's; leads to differences in how they interact - morals and values - focused on cultures you are exposed to and have interacted with

Question 33

Educational Psychology

Answer 33

trying to understand how we learn and what helps us learn better

Question 34

Industrial/ Organizational Psychology

Answer 34

focused on psychology of business-> how to get consumers to buy product, how to retain workers and help them be more productive

Question 35

Forensic Psychology

Answer 35

- psychology and the law - trying to understand criminals (why they do what they do) - how we can use psychology to make justice system more just

Question 36

Empirical

Answer 36

testable science (build and experiment to test theory)

Question 37

theoretically diverse

Answer 37

not just one correct explanation for the same type of phenomenon

Question 38

sociohistorical evolution

Answer 38

psychology changes with the history of people (the psychology of the past is a lot different than the psychology now)

Question 39

Multiple causality

Answer 39

there can be multiple elements causing a phenomenon (the elements can be different in different people but cause the same things)

Question 40

Cultural heritage matters

Answer 40

men differ from women, people from different countries react differently... etc.

Question 41

nature and nurture

Answer 41

both have influence on psychology-> genetics matter, the environment you are in also matters

Question 42

subjectivity

Answer 42

there is an element of subjectivity in psychology (ex. how one person defines happiness can be different than how another person defines happiness) and different definitions can interpret results of a study in different ways

Question 43

Basic vs. applied

Answer 43

- basic=wants to gain more knowledge/more information - applied=seeking to solve a problem in the real world

Question 44

reciprocal determination

Answer 44

one person can influence another while being influence by that person as well (constant influencing and being influenced)

Question 45

Naive realism

Answer 45

we think the world is exactly how we observe it

Question 46

skepticism

Answer 46

we need to question and test out perceptions of the world (conspiracy theories)

Question 47

peer review

Answer 47

in order for research to be put out into the world, it needs to be peer reviewed (where educated others determine if the research was credible) - educated others = people knowledgeable on the topic

Question 48

scientific method(observe,theory,hypothesis,designastudy,collectdata,analyzeanddrawconclusions,reportandrevide)

Answer 48

- observe a phenomenon - theory- explanation for the phenomenon (needs to be testable) - formulate a hypothesis- more specific than theory - design a study- test the hypothesis - collect data- run the study - analyze and draw conclusions- use statistics and make conclusions - report and revise

Question 49

Roadblocks to Scientific thinking(hidsightbias,overconficence,percievingpatters)

Answer 49

- hindsight bias= when you know the outcome and that makes you think that you knew the outcome all along (revision of your thought process) - overconfidence = think we are smarter, have more abilities than we actually do - perceiving patterns= people try to see patterns when there aren't necessarily patterns

Question 50

elements of research (hypothesis, IV, levels, DV, operational definition

Answer 50

- hypothesis = testable statement for research question - independent variable= under control of experimenter (what the experimenter thinks will cause a change)-> the cause - levels: amounts of changes in independent variable - dependent variable= the thing that will be changed-> effect - operational definition= an abstract concept and making it concrete and testable (ex. happiness, productivity, memory)