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Alexis Small > Psychology 111- Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Psychology 111- Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The study of human mind and behavior

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2
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

treatment of mental illness

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3
Q

Experimental psychology

A

using experiments to understand psychology

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4
Q

William James

A

“Father of American Psychology”, wrote first psychology textbook, mentor of G Stanley Hall

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5
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first American PhD in psychology, founded American Psychological Association (APA)

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6
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first woman to get PhD in psychology

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7
Q

Francis Cecil Sumner

A

first African American to get PhD in psychology, became chair of psychology at Howard University

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8
Q

Biopsychological

A

biological components + long-lasting psychological components (both of which are more long term) + social component (influence of situation- short-term/situational)

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9
Q

Clinical vs Counseling vs community psychologist

A

Clinical: treatment of mental illness
Counseling: not treating mental illness, the person they are treating is having a hard time at that moment
Community: focused on community aspects; how to build environment to help positive mental health

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10
Q

Nativism (Plato) vs. Philosophical Empiricism (Aristotle)

A

Nativism: born with knowledge, nature
Empiricism: all knowledge is learned through experience, nurture

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11
Q

Demons and Trephination

A
  • exhibiting signs of mental illness = demons in you causing you to engage in these behaviors
  • treated with trephination (drilling holes in head to let demons out) -> a lot of deaths
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12
Q

Biologic Theory

A
  • certain parts of the body (organs) house elements of psychology
  • ex. spleen held intelligence
  • if something was off, they would treat that body part
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13
Q

Locke

A
  • brought philosophical empiricism back-> believed everyone was born a “blank slate”
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14
Q

Witchcraft

A
  • thought if you were acting certain ways, someone had cast a spell on you (16th and 17th century)
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15
Q

Phrenology

A
  • idea that if you feel along the skull, there are bumps and divots that tell you about the personality of the person
  • championed by Franz Joeseph Gall, coined nature vs. nurture
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16
Q

metacognitive thinking

A

the ability to first think and then to reflect on one’s own thinking

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17
Q

developmental psychology

A

the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across a lifespan

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18
Q

personality psychology

A

the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people’s behaviors across time and situations

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19
Q

social psychology

A

the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling and behavior

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20
Q

health psychology

A

the study of the role psychological factors plays in regard to health and illness

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21
Q

psychoanalysis

A

assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior and dreams have meaning and the most direct route to the unconscious mind

22
Q

Weber and Fechner

A

research psychophysics (psychology of sensation and perception)

23
Q

Gestalt

A
  • German for shape/form
  • optical allusions
  • sum is greater than the sum of its parts (perception gives more info than the elements of perception individually)
24
Q

Structuralism,introspection,WilhelmWundt

A
  • first school claiming to be school of psychology
  • break out consciousness into its structure in order to understand
  • introspection: ask people what’s going on in their mind (speak about their consciousness)
  • Wilhelm Wundt- “father of psychology”, founder of structuralism
  • 1879- opened first lab of psychology-> psychology as a science was founded
25
Q

Functionalism

A
  • studying of function of our consciousness
  • Founded by William James (inspired by Darwin and evolution)
  • combined structuralism and evolution (used introspection but not as extensively)
26
Q

Freud

A
  • many of his theories are no longer supported, but had a massive influence
  • moved away from consciousness and toward unconsciousness (believed it was driving out behaviors)-> unconsciousness was evil (death, destruction…etc.)
27
Q

Behavioralism

A
  • wanted to look at observable behavior not unconsciousness
  • started using animals to understand humans
  • ignored what was happening in the mind
  • dominating school in early-mis 1900s
28
Q

humanism

A
  • all humans have capacity for good (not necessarily inherently good)
  • around hippy movement, a lot of influence on modern therapy
29
Q

Cognitive

A
  • focused on the mind
  • once computers came around, they wanted computers to think like humans, but we didn’t understand how humans think-> led to cognitive psychology
  • Kurt Lewin: wanted to Bridge Behavioralism and Cognitive (best way to understand behavior is to understand a person’s subjective experience)
30
Q

Social Psychology

A
  • how we are affected by real or implied others
  • has an influence even when other people aren’t around (if you are thinking about someone, that can change your behavior)-> more of an influence on the short term
31
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • interested in adaptive mind and how our ancestors’ behaviors have an influence on our behaviors
  • ex. attraction-> does what you are attracted to today have an influence from ancestors’ behaviors/preferences, fight or flight
32
Q

Cultural Psychology

A
  • how culture can have an influence on our psychology
  • ignored for a long time
  • generational-> parents’ generation is different than child’s; leads to differences in how they interact
  • morals and values
  • focused on cultures you are exposed to and have interacted with
33
Q

Educational Psychology

A

trying to understand how we learn and what helps us learn better

34
Q

Industrial/ Organizational Psychology

A

focused on psychology of business-> how to get consumers to buy product, how to retain workers and help them be more productive

35
Q

Forensic Psychology

A
  • psychology and the law
  • trying to understand criminals (why they do what they do)
  • how we can use psychology to make justice system more just
36
Q

Empirical

A

testable science (build and experiment to test theory)

37
Q

theoretically diverse

A

not just one correct explanation for the same type of phenomenon

38
Q

sociohistorical evolution

A

psychology changes with the history of people (the psychology of the past is a lot different than the psychology now)

39
Q

Multiple causality

A

there can be multiple elements causing a phenomenon (the elements can be different in different people but cause the same things)

40
Q

Cultural heritage matters

A

men differ from women, people from different countries react differently… etc.

41
Q

nature and nurture

A

both have influence on psychology-> genetics matter, the environment you are in also matters

42
Q

subjectivity

A

there is an element of subjectivity in psychology (ex. how one person defines happiness can be different than how another person defines happiness) and different definitions can interpret results of a study in different ways

43
Q

Basic vs. applied

A
  • basic=wants to gain more knowledge/more information
  • applied=seeking to solve a problem in the real world
44
Q

reciprocal determination

A

one person can influence another while being influence by that person as well (constant influencing and being influenced)

45
Q

Naive realism

A

we think the world is exactly how we observe it

46
Q

skepticism

A

we need to question and test out perceptions of the world (conspiracy theories)

47
Q

peer review

A

in order for research to be put out into the world, it needs to be peer reviewed (where educated others determine if the research was credible)
- educated others = people knowledgeable on the topic

48
Q

scientific method(observe,theory,hypothesis,designastudy,collectdata,analyzeanddrawconclusions,reportandrevide)

A
  • observe a phenomenon
  • theory- explanation for the phenomenon (needs to be testable)
  • formulate a hypothesis- more specific than theory
  • design a study- test the hypothesis
  • collect data- run the study
  • analyze and draw conclusions- use statistics and make conclusions
  • report and revise
49
Q

Roadblocks to Scientific thinking(hidsightbias,overconficence,percievingpatters)

A
  • hindsight bias= when you know the outcome and that makes you think that you knew the outcome all along (revision of your thought process)
  • overconfidence = think we are smarter, have more abilities than we actually do
  • perceiving patterns= people try to see patterns when there aren’t necessarily patterns
50
Q

elements of research (hypothesis, IV, levels, DV, operational definition

A
  • hypothesis = testable statement for research question
  • independent variable= under control of experimenter (what the experimenter thinks will cause a change)-> the cause
  • levels: amounts of changes in independent variable
  • dependent variable= the thing that will be changed-> effect
  • operational definition= an abstract concept and making it concrete and testable (ex. happiness, productivity, memory)

Alexis Small (19 decks)

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