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Comps > Psychoanalysis > Flashcards

Psychoanalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Freudian view of human nature?

A

Freud’s view is deterministic, suggesting that behavior is driven by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological drives shaped through psychosexual stages in early life.

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2
Q

What is the role of instincts according to Freud?

A

Instincts are central to Freud’s approach, with the libido initially representing sexual energy but later encompassing all life instincts aimed at individual and human race survival, growth, and creativity.

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3
Q

What do Freud’s death instincts signify?

A

Death instincts explain the aggressive drive in humans, often manifesting as unconscious desires for self-harm or harm to others, posing a significant challenge to manage.

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4
Q

What are the three systems of personality in Freudian psychoanalysis?

A

The id, the ego, and the superego.

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5
Q

Describe the id in Freudian psychology.

A

The id is the primal part of personality containing untamed drives and impulses, operating on the pleasure principle to seek immediate gratification of desires.

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6
Q

What is the function of the ego according to Freud?

A

The ego mediates between the id’s impulses and reality, functioning on the reality principle.

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7
Q

What is the role of the superego in Freudian theory?

A

The superego acts as the moral and judicial branch of personality, striving for perfection and moral righteousness.

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8
Q

How does Freud describe the distribution of psychic energy?

A

Personality dynamics involve the distribution of limited psychic energy among the id, ego, and superego.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The id operates on the _______ principle.

A

pleasure

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The ego functions on the _______ principle.

A

reality

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11
Q

True or False: The superego is often more lenient than actual parental figures.

A

False

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12
Q

What is the purpose of ego-defense mechanisms?

A

Ego-defense mechanisms help individuals cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed by normalizing behaviors that can have adaptive value.

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13
Q

What are two common characteristics of ego-defense mechanisms?

A
  1. They either deny or distort reality. 2. They operate on an unconscious level.
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14
Q

What is the significance of early developmental stages in Freudian psychoanalytic theory?

A

Early developmental stages, especially the first six years, are crucial for personality development, with unresolved issues often leading to psychological challenges later in life.

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15
Q

What is the main focus of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial perspective on development?

A

Erikson focused on the psychosocial aspects of development, extending beyond early childhood and emphasizing social interactions and ego mastery throughout life.

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16
Q

How do Erikson’s developmental stages assist counselors?

A

They provide a conceptual framework for understanding key developmental tasks and challenges across the lifespan, aiding in addressing core conflicts and issues in therapy.

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17
Q

What are some critical questions counselors might explore based on a combined psychosexual and psychosocial perspective?

A

Questions include exploring major developmental tasks, life themes, universal concerns at different life stages, the impact of past events on current problems, and sociocultural factors influencing development.

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18
Q

How does contemporary psychoanalysis differ from classical psychoanalysis according to the text?

A

Contemporary psychoanalysis, often based on ego psychology, focuses more on the ego’s striving for mastery and competence throughout the lifespan, rather than solely on intrapsychic conflicts and instincts.

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19
Q

What is the primary objective of psychoanalytic treatment?

A

The primary objective is to increase adaptive functioning, which involves reducing symptoms and resolving conflicts.

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20
Q

What are the two main goals of Freudian psychoanalytic therapy?

A
  1. To make the unconscious conscious. 2. To strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt.
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21
Q

What is involved in the process of psychoanalytic therapy?

A

The process includes uncovering unconscious material, reconstructing childhood experiences, and deep probing into the past to develop a level of self-understanding necessary for character change.

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22
Q

What stance do therapists typically assume in classical psychoanalysis?

A

Therapists typically assume an anonymous, nonjudgmental stance known as the ‘blank-screen’ approach to foster a transference relationship.

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23
Q

What are some of the central functions of a psychoanalytic therapist?

A

Functions include helping clients to love, work, and play freely; achieve self-awareness; handle anxiety realistically; control impulsive behavior; and develop effective personal relationships.

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24
Q

What is the role of empathy and interpretation in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Empathy helps therapists appreciate clients’ intrapsychic worlds, while tactful timing in interpretations is essential to effectively uncover unconscious material.

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25
Q

Describe the commitment required from clients in classical psychoanalysis.

A

Clients must commit to an intensive, long-term process, engaging in free association on a couch to express thoughts without self-censorship, fostering deep reflections and reducing external stimuli.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the therapeutic ‘frame’ in classical analysis?

A

The consistent therapeutic frame fosters transference, encourages clients to regress to a less rigid adjustment level, and maintains safety and neutrality in the therapeutic relationship.

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27
Q

How does psychodynamic therapy differ from classical psychoanalysis?

A

Psychodynamic therapy is less intensive, involves fewer sessions, and typically does not use all the techniques of classical analysis. It focuses more on supportive interventions and less on interpreting transferences.

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28
Q

What are the criteria for terminating psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Criteria include resolved treatable symptoms and core conflicts, clarified emotional problems, insight into environmental interactions, stable coping patterns, and a self-analytic capacity.

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29
Q

How does the therapist’s role differ between classical and contemporary relational analysis?

A

In classical analysis, the therapist maintains an objective stance and offers insight-producing interpretations. In contemporary relational analysis, the therapist is more engaged and does not strive for complete objectivity.

30
Q

What is the focus of contemporary psychodynamic therapists regarding transference?

A

Contemporary therapists focus equally on here-and-now transference and past reenactments within the therapeutic relationship, aiming to bring past conflicts into the present for new understanding.

31
Q

What is transference in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Transference is the client’s unconscious projection of past feelings, attitudes, and fantasies onto the therapist, reflecting unresolved conflicts and reexperiencing early life issues in the present therapy setting.

32
Q

Why is working through transference crucial in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Working through transference involves extensive exploration of unconscious material and defenses, allowing clients to resolve old patterns and make new, healthier choices.

33
Q

What is countertransference?

A

Countertransference is the therapist’s emotional response to the client, influenced by the therapist’s own unresolved conflicts and past experiences, affecting their perception of the client’s behavior.

34
Q

How has the view of countertransference evolved in psychoanalytic practice?

A

Traditionally viewed as inappropriate affect, modern perspectives consider all of the therapist’s emotional responses, including feelings like withdrawal, anger, or love, as part of countertransference.

35
Q

What measures should therapists take to manage countertransference effectively?

A

Therapists should undergo their own psychotherapy and possibly clinical supervision to better understand and manage their emotional responses, ensuring they maintain professional boundaries and use their reactions therapeutically.

36
Q

What role does self-understanding play in the effectiveness of a psychoanalytic therapist?

A

Ongoing self-understanding helps therapists avoid subjective reactions and use their countertransference to gain insights into the client’s issues, facilitating effective therapeutic interventions.

37
Q

What are the key differences between psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy?

A

Psychodynamic therapy has more limited objectives, uses the couch less frequently, has fewer weekly sessions, employs more supportive interventions, emphasizes the here-and-now relationship, allows for more therapist self-disclosure, and places less emphasis on therapist neutrality.

38
Q

What does maintaining the analytic framework involve in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

It involves maintaining procedural and stylistic consistency such as the therapist’s anonymity, neutrality, the regularity and consistency of sessions, punctuality, clarity on fees, and managing basic boundary issues.

39
Q

What is the purpose of free association in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Free association encourages clients to express thoughts without censorship to uncover unconscious wishes, fantasies, conflicts, and motivations, leading to insight into repressed material.

40
Q

What role does interpretation play in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Interpretation helps clients understand the meanings behind their behaviors, dreams, resistances, and therapeutic relationship dynamics, facilitating assimilation of new insights and speeding up the uncovering of further unconscious material.

41
Q

How is dream analysis used in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Dream analysis uncovers unconscious material by interpreting dreams’ manifest and latent content, revealing hidden, symbolic motives, wishes, and fears that are expressed in disguised forms.

42
Q

What is the significance of analyzing resistance in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Analyzing resistance addresses behaviors that block therapeutic progress, helping clients recognize and explore resistances to change, which are viewed as defenses against anxiety.

43
Q

What is the purpose of analyzing transference in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Transference analysis helps clients understand how past relationships influence their present behavior and feelings towards the therapist, enabling them to reexperience and resolve old conflicts within the therapeutic relationship.

44
Q

How can psychoanalytic principles be applied to group counseling?

A

In group counseling, psychoanalytic principles are applied to manage group dynamics, exploring transference, resistance, and collective dream analysis to facilitate group and individual insights.

45
Q

What distinguishes Carl Jung’s analytical psychology from Freudian psychoanalysis?

A

Jung’s theory combines elements from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion, focusing particularly on midlife psychological changes and the broader conception of the unconscious that includes the collective unconscious filled with archetypes.

46
Q

How did Jung’s personal experiences influence his theoretical developments?

A

Jung’s insights were influenced by his own midlife crisis, and he explored these in his autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, where he described his shift in focus to the unconscious realm.

47
Q

What are the key archetypes identified by Jung?

A

Jung identified several archetypes including the persona (public face), anima and animus (biological and psychological aspects of gender within each individual), and the shadow (dark, primitive impulses).

48
Q

What is Jung’s concept of individuation?

A

Individuation is the process of harmoniously integrating the conscious and unconscious aspects of the personality, an innate goal according to Jung, emphasizing the development of a complete, balanced self.

49
Q

How did Jung view the function of dreams?

A

Jung believed dreams serve a prospective function, preparing individuals for future events, and a compensatory function, balancing different aspects of the personality.

50
Q

What is Object-Relations Theory?

A

Object-Relations Theory focuses on interpersonal relationships and how early attachments influence the internalization of relationships and interaction patterns in adulthood.

51
Q

What is the focus of Self Psychology?

A

Developed by Heinz Kohut, Self Psychology emphasizes the formation of the self through interpersonal relationships, prioritizing empathy and nonjudgmental acceptance in therapeutic settings.

52
Q

How does Relational Psychoanalysis view the therapeutic process?

A

Relational Psychoanalysis considers therapy an interactive process, focusing on the dynamics between client and therapist, and emphasizes mutual enactments that reflect both parties’ life themes.

53
Q

How has psychoanalytic theory evolved in terms of its approach to intrapersonal dynamics?

A

Contemporary psychoanalytic theory integrates various schools of thought, emphasizing supportive therapeutic relationships and the complex influence of cultural and interpersonal dynamics on psychological development.

54
Q

What is the basic premise of contemporary psychoanalytic theories on development?

A

Early experiences shape the self and influence later interpersonal relationships, with individuals often seeking relationships that replicate early life patterns.

55
Q

What are the key developmental phases according to Margaret Mahler?

A
  1. Normal Infantile Autism (0-1 month): Infants are not psychologically differentiated from their mothers. 2. Symbiosis (1-8 months): Infants see their mothers as essential partners. 3. Separation-Individuation (4-36 months): Transition from dependency to independence.
56
Q

How did Melanie Klein contribute to object-relations theory?

A

Klein suggested that infants initially perceive parts rather than wholes, viewing important figures in their lives as collections of parts (e.g., breasts, face) rather than whole beings.

57
Q

What are the implications of unresolved developmental crises according to contemporary psychoanalytic theory?

A

Unresolved early developmental crises can profoundly impact later relationships and lead to disorders like narcissistic personality disorder or borderline personality condition.

58
Q

What characterizes narcissistic personality disorder?

A

Characteristics include a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, exploitative behavior, shallow affect, and a lack of empathy for others.

59
Q

How is borderline personality disorder developmentally contextualized in object-relations theory?

A

It often stems from thwarted individuation processes during early development, marked by parental rejection of the child’s growing independence, leading to emotional instability and mood shifts.

60
Q

What is the final developmental phase in Mahler’s model?

A

The constancy of self and object, typically by the 36th month, where children recognize others as separate from themselves and establish a stable sense of self.

61
Q

What theoretical insights do Kernberg and Kohut provide about narcissistic personality disorder?

A

They focus on themes of grandiosity, vulnerability, and the regulation of self-esteem, highlighting the functional aspects of narcissism as a defense mechanism.

62
Q

What are some recommended readings for understanding and treating personality disorders from an object-relations perspective?

A

Works by Kernberg, Kohut, and Masterson provide significant insights into the nature and treatment of borderline and narcissistic personality disorders.

63
Q

What is Brief Psychodynamic Therapy?

A

Brief Psychodynamic Therapy is a time-limited adaptation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on depth and inner life within 10 to 25 sessions, targeting specific interpersonal problems and fostering changes in behavior, thinking, and feeling.

64
Q

What are the key characteristics of brief psychodynamic therapy?

A
  1. Operates within a time-limited framework.
  2. Focuses on specific interpersonal problems from the first session.
  3. Involves a more active and less neutral therapeutic stance.
  4. Establishes a strong working alliance early in therapy.
  5. Utilizes interpretation early in the therapeutic relationship.
65
Q

What are the primary goals of Brief Psychodynamic Therapy?

A

Goals include conflict resolution, increased access to feelings, expanded choice possibilities, improved interpersonal relationships, and symptom remission.

66
Q

How does Brief Psychodynamic Therapy differ from traditional psychoanalytic therapy?

A

It focuses on the ‘here and now’ rather than childhood experiences, involves a more directive therapeutic approach, and addresses transference issues directly and quickly.

67
Q

Who is Brief Psychodynamic Therapy most suitable for?

A

It is best suited for individuals who are neurotic, motivated, and focused, but is generally unsuitable for those with severe characterological disorders or severe depression.

68
Q

What are the strengths of psychoanalytic therapy from a multicultural perspective?

A
  1. Can be adapted for diverse cultural settings.
  2. Acknowledges social and cultural influences on development.
  3. Emphasizes the importance of therapist self-awareness of biases through intensive psychotherapy.
69
Q

What are the shortcomings of psychoanalytic therapy from a multicultural perspective?

A
  1. Often costly and based on upper- and middle-class values.
  2. Ambiguity and lack of structure may not align with all cultural preferences.
  3. Focuses on internal processes which might overlook important external societal factors.
70
Q

Why might psychoanalytic therapy not be immediately suitable for low-income clients?

A

Clients in crisis often need practical solutions for pressing issues (e.g., housing, employment). Psychoanalytic therapy may be more beneficial after these more immediate concerns are addressed.

71
Q

What is a unique feature of Brief Psychodynamic Therapy compared to long-term therapy?

A

It is seen as initiating change that continues after therapy ends, offering multiple brief therapy experiences across a person’s life span.

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