More Diversity Flashcards
What is the ‘Denial’ stage in the DMIS?
Denial is the first stage of the DMIS where individuals do not recognize cultural differences and may avoid cross-cultural interactions, perceiving their own culture as the only real one.
Describe the ‘Defense’ stage in the DMIS.
In the Defense stage, individuals recognize some cultural differences but see these differences as threats, leading to a superiority of their own culture and derogation of others.
What does ‘Minimization’ entail in the DMIS?
Minimization is when individuals recognize superficial cultural differences but overly emphasize universals among people which can obscure deeper cultural and individual differences.
What is the ‘Acceptance’ stage in the DMIS?
Acceptance involves recognizing and appreciating cultural differences in behavior and values without necessarily agreeing with or adopting them.
Explain the ‘Adaptation’ stage in the DMIS.
Adaptation is a stage where individuals are able to shift their cultural perspective and change their behavior in culturally appropriate ways, showing empathy and flexibility in interactions.
What is the ‘Integration’ stage in the DMIS?
Integration occurs when individuals internalize bicultural or multicultural perspectives, comfortably navigating between cultures in various aspects of their life.
What are the stages of Cross’s Nigrescence Model of Racial Identity Development?
The model includes Pre-Encounter, Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, and Internalization. It describes the process by which Black individuals develop a secure racial identity, starting from a lack of awareness about race to the active embracing and defining of one’s racial identity.
What are the major phases in Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model?
Helms’s model includes six statuses: Contact, Disintegration, Reintegration, Pseudo-Independence, Immersion/Emersion, and Autonomy. The model describes the progression from a lack of awareness about racial issues to an informed, anti-racist white identity.
What stages comprise Sue and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model?
This model consists of five phases: Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Integrative Awareness. Each stage represents different levels of awareness and attitudes toward one’s own group and dominant cultural norms.
What are the key stages in Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development?
Phinney’s model includes three stages: Unexamined Ethnic Identity, Ethnic Identity Search, and Ethnic Identity Achievement. The model describes the development of a strong and secure sense of self that includes one’s ethnicity as a central aspect.
What are the stages of the Cass Identity Model for sexual identity development?
The Cass Model includes six stages: Identity Confusion, Identity Comparison, Identity Tolerance, Identity Acceptance, Identity Pride, and Identity Synthesis. It outlines the process of developing a positive gay, lesbian, or bisexual identity.
Developmental model of intercultural sensitivity
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) is a theoretical model designed by Milton Bennett to explain how people understand and experience cultural differences. It provides a framework for understanding how individuals perceive and engage with cultural diversity, progressing through a series of developmental stages. The model is often used in the fields of intercultural communication, education, and training to help people develop more sophisticated and sensitive ways of interacting in a multicultural world.
Here are the six stages of DMIS:
1. Denial: In this initial stage, individuals do not recognize cultural differences; they may avoid or withdraw from cultural interactions, seeing their own culture as the only real or viable one.
2. Defense: At this stage, individuals recognize some differences, but they react in a defensive manner, often viewing their own culture as superior and other cultures as inferior or even as threats.
3. Minimization: Individuals in the Minimization stage acknowledge superficial cultural differences (like eating customs or dress) but overly generalize all human behavior and values, believing that all people are essentially the same underneath these superficial differences. This stage still limits the ability to appreciate deeper cultural differences.
4. Acceptance: This stage marks a major progression as individuals recognize and appreciate deep cultural differences in behaviors and values without necessarily agreeing with or adopting them.
5. Adaptation: Individuals begin to develop skills for communication and behavior that are appropriate and effective in different cultural contexts. They can empathize with people from other cultures and may change their behaviors accordingly.
6. Integration: In the final stage, individuals who have reached integration can navigate smoothly between their own and other cultures, often developing a more complex cultural identity that integrates aspects of multiple cultures.
DMIS is valuable because it helps identify where an individual or group is in their intercultural sensitivity development and offers insight into how they might develop further to engage more constructively across cultures. This model is particularly useful in training programs and educational settings where developing intercultural competence is a goal.
Helms white racial identity development model
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model, developed by Dr. Janet E. Helms, is a framework designed to understand how white individuals come to terms with their racial identity and the implications of being part of a racially dominant group in a racially diverse society. The model suggests that white individuals go through a series of stages as they develop their racial identity, which involves moving from an unexamined racial identity to a more mature and informed stance that acknowledges racial privilege and the reality of racism. The process is not necessarily linear and individuals may regress or oscillate between stages.
Here are the six stages of Helms’s model:
1. Contact: Individuals in this stage are typically oblivious to racism and may believe in a colorblind philosophy where they claim not to see race or racial differences. Racism is either denied or minimalized.
2. Disintegration: In this stage, white individuals begin to become aware of racial inequalities and injustices, often leading to a state of conflict and dissonance. This awareness is uncomfortable because it conflicts with the desire to see themselves as fair and moral.
3. Reintegration: At this stage, there may be a regression where individuals resolve their discomfort by idealizing their whiteness and believing in the superiority of the white group. This stage is characterized by overt or covert feelings of racial superiority and entitlement.
4. Pseudo-Independence: This stage marks the beginning of a more positive white racial identity but is still somewhat superficial. Individuals recognize the problem of racism but still think about it as something that others should solve. They may intellectualize about race and exhibit paternalistic attitudes towards people of color.
5. Immersion/Emersion: During this stage, white individuals immerse themselves deeper into understanding their white identity and what it means to be white in a racially stratified society. They actively seek to confront their own racial biases and work towards dismantling racism.
6. Autonomy: This final stage involves a redefining of the white identity in a positive manner that includes an active and ongoing commitment to fighting racism and embracing a non-racist identity. Individuals in this stage work to become allies to people of color and aim to uphold anti-racist norms and practices.
Helms’s model is important because it offers a structured way to think about the development of racial identity among white people and highlights the importance of self-awareness and active engagement in addressing racism. It’s particularly useful in educational, counseling, and organizational settings to facilitate discussions about race, privilege, and social justice.
