Human Growth And Development In Purple Book Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are described as what?
Psychosocial. This is because Freud focused on sexual development, while Erikson emphasized social relationships and crises across the lifespan.
What is the primary focus of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
Sexuality (e.g., oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages). This is because Freud believed that sexual instincts are the primary drivers of human development.
What do Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages focus on?
Social relationships (e.g., trust vs. mistrust, integrity vs. despair). This is because Erikson believed that development is shaped by navigating relational and social crises at each stage of life.
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized, while Erik Erikson’s ego psychology emphasizes what?
The power of reasoning and control to manage behavior. This is because Erikson focused on the ego’s ability to mediate between internal desires and external realities, unlike Freud’s emphasis on unconscious instincts.
The only psychoanalyst to create a developmental theory encompassing the entire lifespan was?
Erik Erikson. This is because Erikson’s theory includes eight stages from infancy to late adulthood, unlike Freud’s theory, which ends with adolescence.
In Freudian theory, the id is also known as what principle?
The pleasure principle. This is because the id operates unconsciously and seeks immediate gratification without regard for consequences.
In Freudian theory, the ego is also known as what principle?
The reality principle. This is because the ego uses reasoning and logic to balance the id’s desires with the demands of the external world.
Which theorist expanded on Piaget’s work and is considered the leading name in moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg. This is because Kohlberg built upon Piaget’s work by creating a detailed theory of moral reasoning stages, emphasizing how people think about ethical dilemmas.
What is Piaget’s correct order of developmental stages?
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations. This is because Piaget structured his stages to progress from physical exploration (sensorimotor) to abstract thinking (formal operations).
What Piagetian stage does a child master conservation?
Concrete operations (ages 7–11 years). This is because children in this stage develop logical thinking and can understand that properties like volume and mass remain constant despite changes in shape.
What does conservation refer to in Piaget’s theory?
The understanding that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if its shape changes. This is because conservation reflects the development of logical thinking during the concrete operational stage.
What was a common critique of Piaget’s research methods?
His findings were often derived from observing his own children. This is because Piaget used informal methods and a small, non-representative sample, which included his children.
What is symbolic schema in Piaget’s theory?
A cognitive structure that allows children to test ideas in the physical world. This is because schemas are mental frameworks that grow with experience and help children understand and interact with their environment.
What is dualistic thinking as described by Robert Perry?
Viewing things as either right or wrong, with no ambiguity, common in teenagers. This is because Perry observed that younger individuals tend to think in black-and-white terms, which evolves into more nuanced thinking in adulthood.
What does the term ‘epigenetic’ mean in relation to theories like Kohlberg’s or Erikson’s?
Each stage builds upon the previous one in a systematic, given order. This is because epigenetic theories suggest that development progresses in a structured way, influenced by earlier stages and environmental factors.
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the concrete operational stage. What does this mean?
One can undo an action, so an object (e.g., a glass of water) can return to its initial shape. This is because reversibility reflects the logical thinking that develops in the concrete operational stage.
During the preoperational stage, a child says, “The rain is following me.” What does this illustrate?
Egocentrism. This is because the child cannot understand perspectives outside of their own view of the world.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested how many levels of morality?
Three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. This is because Kohlberg believed moral reasoning evolves in stages from self-interest to social conformity and ultimately to universal ethical principles.
The Heinz dilemma in Kohlberg’s theory is used to assess what?
A person’s stage of moral development. This is because Kohlberg evaluated moral reasoning based on the justification given for moral choices rather than the choices themselves.
The term ‘identity crisis’ comes from the work of whom?
Erik Erikson. This is because Erikson described adolescence as a time of role experimentation to form a coherent sense of self.
What are Kohlberg’s three levels of morality?
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. This is because these levels describe a progression from self-focused morality to adherence to societal rules and ultimately self-accepted moral principles.
Trust versus mistrust is a stage in whose theory?
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development. This is because it represents the first stage, where infants learn to trust or mistrust based on the reliability of their caregivers.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages enters the eighth stage, which is what?
Integrity versus despair. This is because this stage involves reflecting on one’s life and finding a sense of fulfillment or regret.
In Kohlberg’s preconventional level, moral behavior is guided by what?
Consequences. This is because at this level, individuals act to avoid punishment or gain rewards.
Kohlberg’s conventional morality is characterized by what?
A desire to live up to societal expectations and conform to social norms. This is because individuals prioritize maintaining social order and approval.
What is the focus of Kohlberg’s postconventional morality?
Self-imposed morals and ethics. This is because individuals at this level base decisions on universal ethical principles rather than societal rules.
In Kohlberg’s postconventional level, what distinguishes it?
It is the highest level of morality, but many people never reach it. This is because it requires adherence to universal ethical principles above societal norms.
Who pioneered the zone of proximal development?
Lev Vygotsky. This is because it describes the difference between what a child can do alone versus with guidance.
Freud and Erikson could be classified as what?
Maturationists. This is because they believed development is influenced by hereditary factors and readiness to progress through stages.
John Bowlby is most closely associated with what?
Bonding and attachment. This is because Bowlby emphasized the survival value of bonding early in life for normal social development.
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
Generativity versus stagnation. This is because this stage involves reflecting on productivity and contributing to others, and a midlife crisis can arise from dissatisfaction with these achievements.
Which researcher is known for work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys?
Harry Harlow. This is because his experiments showed that attachment is an innate need, with infant monkeys preferring comforting ‘mothers’ over those providing nourishment.
The statement, ‘Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations,’ is what?
True, according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin, but only for older males. This is because differences may arise in high school or college and are influenced more by socialization than genetics.
Which Eriksonian stage focuses on sharing life with another person?
Intimacy versus isolation (ages 23–34 years). This is because this stage involves forming deep, meaningful relationships; failure may result in isolation and loneliness.
Which individual is most likely to conform to their peers?
A 13-year-old male middle school student. This is because conformity peaks in early adolescence due to social pressures and a desire for acceptance.
In Harlow’s monkey experiments, which surrogate mother did the monkeys prefer?
The terry-cloth mother. This is because the monkeys sought ‘contact comfort,’ emphasizing the importance of emotional security over nourishment.
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. This is because Freud believed development was driven by sexual energy, progressing through these distinct stages.
In adolescence, males commit suicide more often than females, but why do females attempt suicide more often?
Females use less lethal methods, while males often use firearms, leading to higher success rates for males.
In the general U.S. population, how does suicide relate to depression?
Suicide rates tend to increase with age and often occur after depression begins to lift. This is because individuals may regain energy to act on suicidal thoughts.
The fear of death is greatest during which life stage?
Middle age. This is because individuals in this stage often reflect on the passage of time and unachieved goals.
