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Comps > Apprasial/Testing > Flashcards

Apprasial/Testing Flashcards

1
Q

What is appraisal defined as in counseling?

A

Appraisal is the process of assessing or estimating attributes, which may include surveys, observations, or clinical interviews.

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2
Q

What format is an essay test considered to be?

A

An essay test is considered a subjective format.

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3
Q

How is the National Counselor Exam (NCE) categorized in terms of test format?

A

The NCE is an objective test because the scoring procedure is specific and does not involve subjective judgment.

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4
Q

What type of test format does a short answer test have?

A

A short answer test has a free choice format.

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5
Q

What type of test are the NCE and CPCE considered?

A

The NCE and CPCE are considered forced choice tests.

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6
Q

What does the difficulty index of a test item indicate?

A

The difficulty index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered the item correctly.

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7
Q

What type of items do the NCE and the CPCE use?

A

The NCE and CPCE use recognition items, also known as forced choice items.

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8
Q

How are items in a true/false test categorized?

A

Items in a true/false test are categorized as dichotomous recognition items.

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9
Q

Describe the normative format of a test.

A

In the normative format, each item is independent of all other items.

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10
Q

What is an ipsative measure in testing?

A

An ipsative measure requires test takers to compare items to one another, focusing on individual differences rather than comparisons across individuals.

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11
Q

How is a timed typing test classified in testing categories?

A

A timed typing test is classified as a speed test due to its time limitations.

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12
Q

Describe a power test in the context of testing.

A

A power test is designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit, focusing on the difficulty of tasks or questions.

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13
Q

What does an achievement test measure?

A

An achievement test measures maximum performance or the present level of skill, also known as an attainment test.

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14
Q

What is the concept of a spiral test in testing?

A

In a spiral test, the items get progressively more difficult as the test continues.

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15
Q

What characterizes a cyclical test?

A

A cyclical test has several sections, each of which increases in difficulty, similar to a spiral test but in cycles.

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16
Q

How are parallel forms of a test defined?

A

Parallel forms of a test are two or more versions of a test that are interchangeable, with each form having the same mean and standard error.

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17
Q

What are the most critical factors in test selection?

A

The most critical factors in test selection are validity and reliability.

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18
Q

Which is considered more important, validity or reliability?

A

Validity is considered more important because a test must measure what it purports to measure.

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19
Q

Define validity in the field of testing.

A

Validity refers to whether the test actually measures what it claims to measure.

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20
Q

What is a counselor looking for when searching for a test that gives consistent results?

A

The counselor is interested in the reliability of the test, which indicates consistent results over time.

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21
Q

Which measure would likely yield the highest level of reliability?

A

A very accurate physical measurement tool, like a postage scale, typically shows higher reliability than psychological tests.

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22
Q

What does face validity refer to in testing?

A

Face validity refers to whether a test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure, based on superficial criteria.

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23
Q

What type of validity would a job test have if it predicted future job performance well?

A

Such a test would have high criterion or predictive validity.

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24
Q

What does concurrent validity mean?

A

Concurrent validity refers to how well a test correlates with a well-established standard measuring the same traits or behavior at the same time.

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25
Q

How is predictive validity defined?

A

Predictive validity is the extent to which a test can predict future behaviors or outcomes.

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26
Q

Can a reliable test always be considered valid?

A

No, a reliable test is not always valid; it must also measure what it is supposed to measure to be considered valid.

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27
Q

Is a valid test always reliable?

A

Yes, a valid test is always reliable because it consistently measures the trait it is supposed to.

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28
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Test-retest reliability measures the stability of test scores over time by administering the same test twice to the same group and correlating the scores.

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29
Q

What does equivalent forms reliability involve?

A

Equivalent forms reliability involves giving the same population alternate forms of the test that have the same psychometric properties and correlating the results.

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30
Q

How does the split-half method test for reliability?

A

The split-half method divides a test into two parts and correlates the scores from each half to assess the test’s internal consistency.

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31
Q

What reliability testing method would be most appropriate for an essay test?

A

Inter-rater reliability would be most appropriate for an essay test, as it assesses if different raters give similar scores to the same essays.

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32
Q

What does a reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicate?

A

A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates a perfect score with no error, representing complete reliability.

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33
Q

What is an acceptable reliability coefficient for an excellent psychological or counseling test?

A

An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of .90, indicating high reliability.

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34
Q

What does a reliability coefficient of .70 typically indicate in the context of a personality test?

A

A reliability coefficient of .70 indicates that 70% of the score represents the true score, and 30% could be due to error, typical for personality tests.

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35
Q

What reliability coefficient is generally acceptable for a test used in job selection?

A

An acceptable reliability coefficient for job selection purposes is .80 or higher.

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36
Q

How is true variance calculated using the test-retest reliability method?

A

True variance is calculated by squaring the correlation coefficient (reliability coefficient); for example, .70 squared equals .49 or 49% true variance.

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37
Q

What does ‘IQ’ stand for?

A

IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient.

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38
Q

Who concluded that intelligence was primarily genetic and normally distributed like height or weight?

A

Francis Galton concluded that intelligence was primarily genetic and normally distributed.

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39
Q

What did J.P. Guilford contribute to the study of intelligence?

A

J.P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence and is known for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking.

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40
Q

What is the Kuder-Richardson formula used for in testing?

A

The Kuder-Richardson formula is used to assess the internal consistency reliability of a test where the items are dichotomously scored.

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41
Q

Who created the first intelligence test?

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the first intelligence test in 1905.

42
Q

How is the Stanford-Binet IQ test categorized today?

A

The Stanford-Binet IQ test is a standardized measure.

43
Q

How is the intelligence quotient (IQ) expressed in the Binet formula?

A

IQ is expressed as MA/CA × 100, where MA is mental age and CA is chronological age.

44
Q

What characterizes a 9-year-old task according to the Binet method?

A

A 9-year-old task is one that 50% of 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

45
Q

Why was the first IQ test created by Simon and Binet?

A

The first IQ test was created to discriminate children without an intellectual disability from those with an intellectual disability for educational placement.

46
Q

What has replaced the IQ formula in the modern Stanford-Binet tests?

A

The Standard Age Score (SAS) has replaced the traditional IQ formula in modern Stanford-Binet tests.

47
Q

What are the core purposes of the GRE as stated by a counselor?

A

The GRE is designed to predict a student’s ability to handle graduate-level work, highlighting its predictive validity.

48
Q

Can a test be reliable but not valid?

A

Yes, a test can be reliable (consistently measure something) but not valid (not measure what it is supposed to measure).

49
Q

Describe the relationship between a valid test and reliability.

A

A valid test must always be reliable because it consistently measures the trait it aims to measure.

50
Q

What method assesses the reliability by correlating scores from the same test given twice?

A

This method is known as test-retest reliability, assessing the stability of a test over time.

51
Q

Explain equivalent forms reliability.

A

Equivalent forms reliability involves giving different versions of the same test to the same group and correlating the results to ensure consistency across forms.

52
Q

How does the split-half method work to assess reliability?

A

The split-half method divides a test into two parts and correlates the results of each half to assess internal consistency.

53
Q

What is the best method to test reliability for an essay test?

A

Inter-rater reliability is best for essay tests, ensuring different scorers give similar scores.

54
Q

What does a perfect reliability coefficient indicate?

A

A perfect reliability coefficient (1.00) indicates no error and complete consistency in the test’s measurements.

55
Q

What reliability coefficient is considered excellent for psychological or counseling tests?

A

A reliability coefficient of .90 is considered excellent for psychological or counseling tests.

56
Q

What does a reliability coefficient of .70 suggest about a test’s accuracy?

A

It suggests that 70% of the test score represents the true score and 30% might be error, typical for personality tests.

57
Q

What reliability coefficient is recommended for tests used in high-stakes settings like job selection?

A

A reliability coefficient of .80 or higher is recommended for high-stakes settings.

58
Q

How do you calculate the true variance from a test-retest reliability score of .70?

A

Square the reliability score: .70^2 = .49 or 49% true variance.

59
Q

What is meant by ‘Intelligence Quotient’ or IQ?

A

IQ refers to a score derived from standardized assessments designed to measure human intelligence.

60
Q

Who researched and established that intelligence is primarily genetic and follows a normal distribution?

A

Francis Galton, who viewed intelligence as a unitary trait primarily determined by genetics.

61
Q

What defines a 9-year-old task according to the Binet method?

A

A 9-year-old task is one that 50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

62
Q

What was the original purpose of the IQ test created by Simon and Binet in 1905?

A

The IQ test was created to discriminate children without an intellectual disability from those with an intellectual disability, for educational placement.

63
Q

What has replaced the IQ formula in the modern Stanford-Binet tests?

A

The Standard Age Score (SAS) has replaced the traditional IQ formula in modern Stanford-Binet tests.

64
Q

Why did the Wechsler IQ tests gain popularity over the Binet tests?

A

The Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity because the Binet tests were not seen as the best for adults, being initially created for children. Wechsler added performance skills to the test which catered to backgrounds that did not emphasize verbal skills.

65
Q

Which IQ test is most suitable for a 22-year-old single male?

A

The WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), intended for ages 16–90 years, is most suitable for a 22-year-old single male.

66
Q

What is the best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl?

A

The WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) is recommended for children ages 6–16 years and 11 months, making it suitable for a sixth-grade girl.

(c)

67
Q

What intelligence test is best suited for a kindergartner?

A

The WPPSI-IV (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) is the best choice for a kindergartner, as it is suitable for children ages 2 years to 7 years and 7 months.

(a)

68
Q

What are the mean and standard deviation on the Wechsler and Stanford–Binet Intelligence scales?

A

The mean is 100 and the standard deviations are 15 for Wechsler and 16 for Stanford–Binet.

(b)

69
Q

What is the advantage of group IQ tests like the Otis–Lennon and the Lorge–Thorndike in school settings?

A

Group IQ tests are quicker to administer, making them more practical for assessing large numbers of students simultaneously.

(a)

70
Q

When did the group IQ test movement begin?

A

The group IQ test movement began with the Army Alpha and Army Beta during World War I.

(c)

71
Q

What defines a culture-fair test?

A

A culture-fair test attempts to remove any items that could be biased towards any particular cultural background, ensuring fairness in testing regardless of the cultural background of the test taker.

(a)

72
Q

Who sparked the black versus white IQ controversy with a 1969 article?

A

Arthur Jensen sparked significant controversy with his 1969 article suggesting genetic differences in IQ scores between races.

(c)

73
Q

What is the MMPI-2?

A

The MMPI-2 is a standardized personality test widely used to diagnose and treat mental disorders, and assess personality structure.

(d)

74
Q

What does the term psychometric refer to?

A

Psychometric refers to the field within psychology that focuses on the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes testing.

(b)

75
Q

In projective testing, what kind of stimuli are clients shown?

A

In projective tests, clients are shown neutral, ambiguous stimuli intended to allow them to project their unconscious thoughts or feelings onto the stimulus.

(d)

76
Q

Who developed the 16 PF test and what does it measure?

A

The 16 PF, developed by Raymond B. Cattell, measures 16 key personality factors and is used to assess personality traits in individuals aged 16 and above.

(a)

77
Q

Which test reflects the work of Carl Jung?

A

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) reflects the work of Carl Jung and categorizes personality types based on Jung’s theories of psychological type.

(b)

78
Q

Who would most likely favor projective measures in their practice?

A

A psychodynamic clinician would most likely favor projective measures, as these tests are intended to reveal hidden emotions and conflicts.

(d)

79
Q

What is the difference between an aptitude and an achievement test?

A

An aptitude test predicts future abilities or potential, while an achievement test measures knowledge or skills that have already been learned.

(b)

80
Q

What are the uses of the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

Both the Rorschach and the TAT are projective tests; the Rorschach uses inkblots, and the TAT uses pictures to prompt responses from individuals.

(c)

81
Q

What does the standard error of measurement tell you?

A

The standard error of measurement indicates how accurate or inaccurate a test score is, showing a distribution of scores if taken multiple times; a lower standard error indicates higher reliability.

(a)

82
Q

If a new IQ test has a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 3 and Tom scores 106, where will approximately 68% of his scores fall if he retakes the test multiple times?

A

Tom will score between 103 and 109 approximately 68% of the time, based on the standard error of measurement.

(c)

83
Q

What happens to the reliability coefficient of a test if it is shortened?

A

Shortening a test generally reduces its reliability coefficient, as longer tests tend to be more reliable.

(d)

84
Q

What diagnosis is necessary for securing third-party payments, and how can psychological tests assist?

A

Psychological tests can assist in securing a DSM or ICD diagnosis necessary for third-party payments.

(b)

85
Q

If seventeen counselors rated the same client using a new projective measure and came up with nearly identical assessments, what does this indicate?

A

This scenario indicates high inter-rater reliability, showing consistency among different raters’ assessments.

(b)

86
Q

Why do counselors often shy away from self-reports?

A

Counselors may avoid self-reports due to the potential for clients to provide inaccurate answers, influenced by a desire to not disappoint or appear socially desirable.

(a)

87
Q

Who is generally the best qualified to administer the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

A

A clinical psychologist is generally the best qualified to administer the Rorschach Inkblot Test due to their training in projective measures.

(b)

88
Q

What type of assessment technique is a client keeping a journal of irrational thoughts?

A

Keeping a journal of irrational thoughts is considered an informal assessment technique.

(c)

89
Q

How can you best research whether a test is suitable for the population served by your agency?

A

The best method to determine if a test is suitable for your population is to read the test manual that specifies the target population.

(c)

90
Q

What should clients understand about the nature of tests in counseling?

A

Clients should understand that a test is just a single source of data and not infallible, and should not solely define one’s abilities or future.

(d)

91
Q

What is one major testing trend in counseling?

A

One major trend is the increasing use of computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations.

(a)

92
Q

What contradictory trend is seen in the future use of tests in counseling?

A

A contradictory trend is that while some experts push for a greater reliance on tests, others advocate for relying on them less.

(a)

93
Q

What do most counselors believe is needed more in the area of testing?

A

Most counselors believe that more public education is needed in the area of testing to understand its limitations and impacts.

(c)

94
Q

What would be an example of an informal method of appraisal?

A

A checklist is an example of an informal method of appraisal, as it does not use standardized administration or scoring procedures.

(d)

95
Q

If the WAIS-IV is given to a large random sample, what percentage would likely score between 85 and 115?

A

Approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115, based on a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.

(a)

96
Q

What type of test is a word association test classified as?

A

A word association test is classified as a projective test, where responses reveal underlying aspects of personality.

(d)

97
Q

How reliable are infant IQ tests compared to those given later in life?

A

Infant IQ tests are more unreliable than those given later in life, though they can identify severe intellectual disabilities.

(b)

98
Q

What is a good testing practice for counselors?

A

A good practice for counselors is to never generalize on the basis of a single test score due to potential inaccuracies and the limited scope of what one test can measure.

(b)

99
Q

What item difficulty should you set to admit only 25% of applicants to a program?

A

The item difficulty should be set at .25 to allow only the top 25% of performers to be admitted, filtering out the lower 75%.

(d)

100
Q

What rights does a 19-year-old college student have under the Buckley Amendment?

A

A 19-year-old student can view their own educational records, including test data, and request corrections if necessary.

(d)

101
Q

Who Americanized the Binet IQ test?

A

Lewis Terman Americanized the Binet, which led to the creation of the Stanford-Binet IQ test.

(d)

102
Q

If everyone answers a test item correctly, what is the item difficulty?

A

If everyone answers correctly, the item difficulty is 1.0, indicating the item is too easy and might not effectively measure the skill or knowledge intended.

(c)

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